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Title
DECLARATION-1
DECLARATION- 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Preface
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
1.2 Reasons For Blending Elastomers
1.2.1 Problems associated with blending
1.3 Commercially Successful Blends Based On Elastomers
1.4 Studies On Elastomer Blends
1.4.1 Morphology of polymer blends
1.4.2 Interpenetrating network
1.4.3 Compatibility and compatibilizers
1.4.4 Distribution of compounding ingredients
1.4.5 Cure rate incompatibility
1.4.6 Melt flow behaviour
1.4.7 Methods for blending
1.5 Characterisation Of Blends
1.5.1 Electron microscopy
1.5.2 -X -ray and light scattering
1.5.3 Thermal analysis (glass transition characteristics)
1.5.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1.5.5 Fluorescence
1.6 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers
1.6.1 Synthesis and structure
1.6.2 Structure-property relations
1.6.3 Blends based on EVA
1.7.1 Structure And Properties Of Natural Rubber
1.7.2 Blends based on natural rubber
1.8 Scope Of The Work
1.9 Objectives Of The Work
1.9.1 Morphology
1.9.2 Vulcanisation characteristics
1.9.3 Melt flow behaviour
1.9.4 Effect of fillers
1.9.5 Degradation behaviour
1.9.6 - X-ray. thermal and dynamic mechanical properties
1.9.7 Cell structure of microcellular sheets
II. Experimental Techniques
II.1 Materials Used
II.1.1 Natural rubber
II.1.2 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
II.1.3 Rubber chemicals
II.1.4 Fillers
II.1.5 Other chemicals
II.1.6 Special chemicals
II.1.7 Solvents
II.2 Preparation Of Blends
II.2.1 Composition of the blends
II.2.2 Cure systems
II.2.3 Designation of the blends
II.2.4 Blending and compounding
II.2.5 Time for optimum cure
II.2.6 Moulding of test samples
II.2.7 Compounding of microcellular sheet
II.2.8 Moulding of microcellular sheet
II.2.9 Post curing
II.3 Physical Test Methods
II.3.1 Modulus. Tensile strength and Elongation at break
II.3.2 Tear resistance
II.3.3 Hardness
II.3.4 Abrasion resistance
II.3.5 Rebound resilience
II..3.6 Compression set
II.4 Melt Flow Studies
II.4.1 Equipment details
II.4.2 Test procedure
II. 4.3 Extrudate swell
II.5 Degradation Studies
II.5.1 Ozone cracking
II.5.2 Radiation studies
II.5.3 Thermal age-
II.6 Determination Of Volume Fraction Of Rubber
II.7 Morphology
II.7.1 Scanning Electran Microscope
II.8 Dynamic Mechanical Properties
II.9 Vulcanisation Kinetics
II.10 Thermal Analysis
II.11 X-Ray Analysis
II.12 Testing Of Microcellular Sheets
II.12.1 Determination of compression set
II.12.2 Determination of split tear strength
II.12.3 Determination of heat shrinkage
II.12.4 Determination of relative density
II.12.5 Determination of hardness
II.12.6 Determination of abrasion resistance
II.12.7 Determination of flex life
II.12.8 Determination of room temperature shrinkage
II.12.9 Cell structure study by SEM
III. A. Morphology. B. Kinetics of vulcanisaton and mechanical properties of NR-EVA blends.
A. Morphology
B. Kinetics Of Vulcanisation And Mechanical Properties Of Nr-Eva Blends
III.A Morphology Of The Blends
III. B Kinetics Of Vulcanisation And Mechanical Properties
III. B. 1 Kinetic factors and cure characteristics
III.B.2 Physical properties
III. B. 2.1 Tensile strength. modulus and elongation
III.B.2.2 Hardness
III.B.2.3 Compression set
III.B.2.4 Tear and abrasion resistance
Fig.III.A.1 SEM Photomicrograph of blend G, NR remained as dispersed phase.
Fig.III.A.2 SEM Photomicrograph of blend F, both phases continuous.
Fig.III.A.3 SEM Photomfmgraph of blend E, both phases continuous.
Fig.III.A.4 SEM Photomicrograph of blend D, particles of EVA resting on the extracted surface.
IV. Miscibility, Crystallization And Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour Of Nr-Eva Blends
IV.1 Thermal Properties
IV.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
IV.3 Dynamic Mechanical Properties
V. Melt Flow Behaviour And Extrudate Morphology Of Nr-Eva Blends
V.1 Effect Of Blend Ratio And Shear Stress On Viscosity
V.2 Effect Of Crosslinking System On Viscosity
V.3 Effect Of Precipitated Silica On Viscosity
V.4 Effect Of Temperature On Viscosity
V.5 Flow Behaviour Index
V.6 Melt Elasticity
V. 6.1 Extrudate swell
V. 6.2 Deformation of extrudates
V. 6.3 Principal normal stress difference (rllT-2
V. 6.4 Recoverable elastic shear stress (SR)
V.6.5 Elastic shear modulus (G)
V.7 Extrudate Morphology
Fig.V.3 SEM Photomicrograph of blend C, aggregates of EVA domains resting on NR surface.
Fig.V.10 Effect of shear rate and blend ratio on deformatian of extrudates..
Fig.V.11 Fiffect of blend ratio and silica content on the deformation of the extrudates.
Fig.V.12a Morphology of blend I extruded at a shear rate of 330 s-1. showing larger particle size.
Fig.V.12b Morphology of blend I extruded at a shearrate of 3330 s-. showing lower particle size.
Fig.V.12c Health and core structure of blend I
Fig.V.13 SEM Photomicrograph of blend H extruded at a shear rate of 330 s-1
Fig.V.14 SEM Photomicrograph of blend G extruded at a shear rate of 330 s
Fig.V.15 SEM Photomicrograph of blend F extruded at a shear rate of 330 s -
Fig.V.16 SEM Photomicrograph of blend D extruded at a shear rate of 330 s - l.
VI. Effect Of Blend Ratio And Silica Content On (A) Mechanical properties and degradation (B) Dynamic Mechanical Properties of NR-EVA Blends
VI.A.1 Effect Of Silica On Tensile And Tear Strength
VI. A.2 Modulus, Hardness And Abrasion Loss
VI. A.3 Effect On Compression Set
VI. A.4 Effect On Radiation Resistance
VI. A. 5 Effect On Ozone Resistance
VI B.1 Dynamic Mechanical Properties Of Silica Filled Nr-Eva Blends
Fig. VI.A. 9 Photograph of blend C (80: 20 NR: EVA) havina different silica content after - 8 h and 85 h of exposure to ozoniseo air.
VII. Effect Of Blend Ratio And Cure System On Degradation Of Nr-Eva Blends
VII.1 Effect Of Thermal Ageing
VII. 2 Effect Of Υ -Radiation
VII.3 Effect Of Exposure To Ozone
Fig. VII.13 Photograph of NR vuIcanisates after 8 h and 85 h exposure.
Fig.VII.14 Photograph of blend B (90: 10 NR: EVA) after 8 h and 85 h exposure.
Fig.VII.15 Photograph of bIend C (80: 20 NR: EVA) after 8 h and 85 h exposure.
Fig. VII.16 Photograph of blend D [70: 30 NR: EVA) after 8 h and 85 h exposure.
VIII. Effect Of Blend Ratio And Fillers On The Cell Structure And Properties Of Microcellular Soles From Nr-Eva Blends
VIII.1 Cell Structure
VIII.1.1 Effect of blend ratio on cell structure
VIII.1.2 Effect of filler on cell Structure
VIII.2 Physical Properties
VIII. 2.1 Relative density and shrinkage
VIII.2.2 Hardness and compression set
VIII.2.3 Abrasion loss and split tear
VIII.2.4 Effect of filler on properties
FORMULATION OF COMPOUND MEETING BIS SPECIFICATIONS
Fig.VIII. 4 Photomicrograph of NR: EVA (20: 80) blend.
Fig. VIII.5 Photomicrograph of NR: EVA (0: 100) blend.
Fig.VIII.6 Photomicrograph of NR: EVA (40: 60) clay filled blend.
Summary And Conclusions
References
List Of Publications From This Work