• HOME
  • Search & Results
  • Full Text
  • Thesis Details
 
Page: 188
 
 Full Screen

  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • DEDICATION
  • CONTENTS
  • LIST OF TABLES
  • I. INTRODUCTION
  • Induced Polyploidy
  • II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  • Cytological studies in the diploids
  • (i) Mitosis
  • (ii) Meiosis
  • Induction of Polyploidy
  • (i) Seed
  • (ii) Seedling
  • (iii) Planting of treated seeds and seedlings
  • Detection, isolation and evaluation of autotetraploids
  • (i) Morphology and cytology
  • (ii) Palynological studies
  • (iii) Foliar anatomy
  • (iv) Physiological traits and biomass production
  • (v) Estimation of nutrients
  • (vi) Nodulation and nitrogenase activity
  • Manuring
  • Statistical analysis
  • Photography
  • III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  • 1. MORPHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY
  • 1.1. Cytology of the diploid
  • 1.2. Effectiveness of colchicine treatment
  • 1.2.1. Seed
  • 1.2.2. Seedling
  • 1.3. Immediate effect of colchicine
  • 1.4. Identification of polyploids
  • 1.5. Cytology of the induced tetraploids
  • 1.6. Discussion
  • Cytology of the diploid
  • Induction of Polyploidy
  • Cytology of the induced tetraploids
  • 1 Germination of seeds of Pueraria phaseoloides under acid and hot water treatments
  • 2 Effect of colchicine on seed germination and survival in P. p aseoloides
  • 3 Frequency of colchi-tetraploids produced after different seedling treatments
  • 4 Mean and range of different characteristics of diploid and autotetraploid plants
  • 5 Meiotic chromosome behaviour in the autotetraploids (2n = 4x = 44) of P. phaseoloides at metaphase-I
  • 6 Chiasma frequency per cell in the diploids and autotetraploids of P, phaseoloides
  • 7 Frequency of chromosome anomalies at anaphase-I in the autotetraploids of P. phaseoloides
  • Fig.1. A young rubber plantation with a wellestablished ground cover of P. phaseoloides
  • Fig.2.Somatic metaphase of -P. phaseoloidesshowing 2n = 22. X 3000
  • Fig.3 Pollen mother cell (PMC) at diakinesisshowing n = 11 bivalents. X 1200
  • Fig.4 PMC at metaphase-I showing 11bivalents. X 1200
  • Fig. 5. PMC at anaphase-I showing 11: llchromosome disjunction. X 1200
  • Fig. 6, 7. Flower, pod and seeds of P.phaseoloides.
  • Fig.8. (a) Retardation in growth rate in colchicinetreated seedling and (b) normal seedling
  • Fig. 9. (a) Six weeks old normal seedling and (b) colchicine treated seedling
  • Fig. 10. A dwarf statured seedling
  • Fig. 11. (a) Trifoliate leaf of the diploid and (b) polyphyllous leaf of the tetraploid
  • Fig. 12. (a) Branched inflorescence of tetraploid and (b) inflorescence of diploid
  • Fig. 13. (a) Stomata in the diploid and in (b) the tetraploid (Arrow indicates base ofthe trichome) X 1200
  • Fig. 14. (a) Fertile pollen grains in the diploid (b) Fertile and sterile pollen grains in thetetraploid X 1200
  • Fig. 15. Diakinesis in the induced tetraploid showing71V + l111 + 611 + 11 (arrowed)
  • Fig. 16. Diakinesis showing 61V + 1111 + 811 + 11 (~rrowed)
  • Fig. 17. Diakinesis showing 211s attached to thenucleolus
  • Fig. 18-20. Diakinesis showing varying degrees ofchromosome configuration
  • Fig. 21. Metaphase-I in the induced tetraploidshowing 11IVs.
  • Fig.22-26. Metaphase-I showing varying frequencies ofchromosome configuration
  • Fig. 27. Cell showing secondary association betweentwo bivalents (Dotted arrows indicate Is)
  • Fig. 28. Cell showing secondary association betweenfour bivalents
  • Fig. 29. 8IV * 6II
  • Fig. 30. 9IV + 4II
  • Fig. 31. 9IV + 4II
  • Fig. 32. 10IV + 2II
  • Figs. 33, 34. Metaphase-I showing 8 I V + 611
  • Figs. 35, 36. Anaphase-I showing varying degrees ofstickiness
  • Fig. 37. Anaphase-I showing regular segregationof chromosomes
  • Fig. 38. Anaphase-I showing 22: 1: 21 chromosomeseparation [Arrow indicates laggard1
  • Figs. 39, 40. Irregular grouping of chromosomes atanaphase-I showing laggards
  • Figs. 41, 42. Sticky bridge at anaphase-I
  • Fig. 4 3. Tripolar orientation of chromosomes. atanaphase.
  • Fig. 44. Anaphase-II showing laggards
  • 2. PALYNOLOGY
  • 2.1. Diploid
  • 2.2. Induced tetraploids
  • 2.3. Discussion
  • 8 Occurrence of different pollen shapes in diploid and autotetraploid P. phaseoloides
  • 9 Morphological characteristics of pollen grains in diploid and tetraploid cytotypes
  • 10 Effect of acetolysis on grain size in P. phaseoloides
  • 11 Plantwise pollen diameter in ten tetraploids and their corresponding diploids
  • 12 Anova for data presented in Table 11
  • Fig. 45. (a! Equatorial view of pollen grain in the diploid showing lolongate and (b) circular ora
  • Fig. 46. (a) Equatorial view of pollen grain in the tetraploid showing lolongate and (b) circular ora
  • Fig. 47. Brevicolporate grain - Tetraploid
  • Fig. 48. Syncolporate grain - Tetraploid
  • Fig. 49. 4-zonocolporate grain - Tetraploid (X 1200)
  • Fig. 50. 3-zonocolporate grain (Polar view) -Tetraploid (X 1200)
  • Fig. 51. l - spiraperturate grain - Tetraploid (X 1200)
  • Fig. 52. Scanning electron micrograph (SEMI of apollen grain - Diploid (X 2500)
  • Fig. 53. SEM of a 4-zonocolporate grain in the tetraploid (Note the shape of the pollen with bigger reticulations) (X 7500)
  • Fig. 54. 5EM of a grain showing circular ora (X 7500)
  • Fig. 55. Diagramatic representation of possible line of morphological evolution of pollen in the autotetraploids of P. phaseoloides.
  • Fig. 56. (a) Diagrammatic representation of a pollengrain showing location of measurements.
  • (b) Palynogram of P. phaseoloides.
  • Fig. 57. Effect of acetolysis on grain size in ten tetraploids of P. phaseoloides & corresponding diploids.
  • Fig. 58. Frequency distribution of pollen grain diameter in the colchiploids, diploids and induced tetraploids of P-. phaseoloides.
  • 3. FOLIAR ANATOMY
  • 3.1. Diploid
  • 3.1.1. Epidermis
  • (a) Stomata
  • (b) Trichosmes
  • 3.1.2. Mesophyll
  • (a) Palisade parenchyma
  • (b) Spongy mesophyll
  • (c) Paraveinal mesophyll
  • 3.1.3. Vascular system
  • 3.2. Comparative anatomy of diploids and tetraploids
  • 3.3. Discussion
  • Diploids
  • Comparative anatomy of diploids and induced tetraploids
  • 13 Comparative foliar anatomy of diploid and autotetraploids of P. phaseoloides with the percentage occupied by the respective compartments
  • Figs. 59-65. T.S. of leaf
  • 4. LEAF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION
  • 4.1. Leaf area, leaf weight and specific leaf weight
  • 4.2. Transpiration and stomatal resistance
  • 4.3. Carbondioxide exchange rate and canopy PN
  • 4.4. Biomass production
  • 4.5. Discussion
  • Leaf area, leaf weight and specific leaf weight
  • Stomatal traits and transpiration
  • Carbondioxide exchange rate and canopy photosynthesis
  • Biomass production
  • 14 Certain physiological traits and biomass production in the autotetraploids and corresponding diploids of P, phaseoloides
  • 15 Correlation of total dry matter with growth parameters in autotetraploids of P. phaseoloides
  • Fig. 66. Diploid (a) and Tetraploid (b) plants of -P.phaseoloides established from rooted cuttings.
  • Fig. 67. Detached roots of diploid (a) and tetraploid (b) plants of P, phaseoloides showing increased root proliferation in the latter.
  • Fig. 68. Relationship of carbondioxide exchange rate (CER), canopy photosynthesis and total leaf area with total dry matter in the autotetraploids of P-. phaseoloides
  • 5. ESTIMATION OF NUTRIENTS
  • 5.1. Nitrogen
  • 5.2. Phosphorus
  • 5.3. Potassium
  • 5.4. Calcium
  • 5.5. Magnesium
  • 5.6. Discussion
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • 16 The nutrient content in different plant parts as affected by ploidy in P. phaseoloides,
  • 17 Uptake and distribution of total nutrients (on a dry weight basis) in different plant parts as affected by ploidy.
  • 18 Nitrogen content and uptake of nitrogen by the root nodules of diploids and autotetraploids
  • 19 Shoot: root ratio for different nutrients in the diploids and autotetraploids,
  • Fig. 69. (A) Uptake of Nitrogen in different plant parts and (B) total uptake of various nutrients in whole plants of diploid and teetraploid P.phaseoloides
  • Fig. 70. Uptake of (A) Phosphorus; (B) Potassium; (C) calcium and (33) magnesium in various plantparts of diploid and tetraploid -P. phaseoloides.
  • 6. NODULATION AND NITROGENASE ACTIVITY
  • 6.1. Nodule number and nodule score
  • 6.2. Nodule weight
  • 6.3. Nitrogenase activity
  • 6.4. Discussion
  • 20 Nodulation traits in diploid and autotetraploid P. phaseoloides.
  • 21 Acetylene reduction activity at two different time intervals for the diploid and autotetraploid plants.
  • Fig. 71. Rooted cuttings of diploid and tetraploid P-.phaseoloides showing initial development of a few, but larger nodules in the latter .
  • Fig. 72. (a) Detached nodules in the diploids graded assmall, medium and large and (b) very largenodules in the tetraploids.
  • Fig. 73. Variation in nodule weight, nodule score and acetylene reduction activity within the autotetraploids of -P. phaseoloides.
  • IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
  • V. REFERENCES