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Title
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
Preface
List of Publications
1. Brief review of the earlier work on Sulphide and Phthalocyanine thin films
1.1. Introduction
Table 1.1.1. Comparison of the electrical properties of the inorganic semiconductor germanium and organic semiconductor copper phthalocyanine
1.2 Metallic Sulphide Thin Films
1.3 Structure of Metallic Sulphides
Fig. 1.3.1 Wurtzite (ZnS) structure
Fig. 1.3.2 Sphalerite (ZnS) structure
Fig. 1.3.3 Halite (NaCI) structure
1.4 Organic Semiconductors
1.5 Molecular Structure of Phthalocyanines
Fig. 1.5.1 Basic structural unit of a metal substituted phthalocyanine molecuIe
Fig. 1.5.2 Normal projection of two molecules of the metal substituted phthalocyanine
1.6 Multilayer Thin Films
References
2. Methods and apparatus used in the present study
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemical Bath Deposition Technique
Reaction mechanism for the deposition of CdS films
Use of the precipitate as a precursor for other coating techniques
(1) Screen printing technique
(2) Use in the production of composite coatings
(3) Use of the precipitate as the source for vapour phase deposition
Chemically deposited semiconductor thin films for solar energy related applications
(1) Application in solar control coatings
(2) Application as solar absorber coatings
(3) Photodetector and photovoltaic applications
Toxieity considerations
2.3 Thermal Evaporation Technique
2.4 Production of Vacuum
2.5 Vacuum Coating Unit
Fig. 2.5.1 Schematic diagram of a vacuum coating unit
Fig. 2.5.2 Schematic representation of Pirani gauge
Fig. 2.5.3 Schematic representation of Penning gauge
Plate 2.5.4 Photograph of the coating unit along with the accessories
2.6 Substrate Cleaning
2.7 Thickness Measurement
2.8 Tolanskys Multiple Beam Interference Method
Fig. 2.8.1 Schematic representation of the multiple beam interference technique
2.9 Sample Annealing
Fig. 2.9.1 Block diagram of the temperature controller cum recorder
Fig. 2.9.2 Photograph of the annealing furnace and controller cum recorder set up
2.10 Electrical Conductivity Measurements
Fig. 2.10.1 Schematic diagram of the cross section of the conductivity cell
2.11 Keithley Programmable Electrometer
Fig. 2.11.1 Schematic diagram of electrical conductivity measurement (all dimensions are in rnrn)
Fig. 2.11.2 Photograph of the electrical conductivity experimental set up
2.12 Optical Measurements Using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
Fig. 2.12.1 Block diagram of the optical system of the spectrophotorneter (Shimadzu 160A)
Fig. 2.12.2. Photograph of the Shimadzu 160A spectrophotometer
2.13 Structural Studies Using X-ray Diffractometer
Fig. 2.13.1 Block diagram of XD PW 3710 BASED diffractometer
References
3. Preparation of single and multi layer thin films of CuS, PbS, CdS and CuPc
3.1 Introduction
3.2 CuS Single Layer Films by CBD Technique
3.3 PbS Single Layer Films by CBD Technique
3.4 CdS Single Layer Films by CBD Technique
3.5 PbS-CuS Multi Layer Films by CBD Technique
3.6 CuPc Single Layer Films by Vacuum Deposition Technique
3.7 CuPC Multilayer Films by Vacuum Deposition Technique
References
4. Electrical conductivity studies in single and multilayer thin films of CuS, PbS, CdS and CuPc
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Theory
4.3 Experiment
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.4.1 CuPc films
Table 4.4.1. Variation of activation energy with annealing temperature for CuPc thin film of thickness 2180 A
Table 4.4.1. Variation of activation energy with annealing tempera turc forCuPc thin film of thickness 2180 A
Fig. 4.4.1 Plot of Ln (o) Vs 1000/T for CuPc thin films of thickness 2180 A
4.4.2 CuS films
4.4.3 Multilayer CuS-CuPc films 4.4.4 PbS films
4.4.4. PbS films
4.4.5 Multilayer PbS-CuPc films 4.4.6 CdS films
4.4.6 CdS films
4.4.7 Multilayer CdS-CuPc films 4.4.8 Multilayer PbS-CuS films
4.4.8 Multilayer PbS-CUS films
4.5Conclusion
References
5 OPTICAL ABSORPTION STUDIES IN SINGLE AND MULTILAYER THIN FILMS OF CuS, PbS, CdS and CuPc
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theory
5.3 Experiment
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.4.1 CuPc films
5.4.2 CuS films
5.4.3 Multilayer CuS-CuPc films 5.4.4 PbS films
5.4.4 PbS films
5.4.5 Multilayer PbS-CuPc films 5.4.6 CdS films
5.4.6 CdS films
5.4.7 Multilayer CdS-CuPc films 5.4.8 Multilayer PbS-CuS films
5.4.8. Mul tilayer PbS-CuS films
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 STRUCTURAL STUDIES IN SINGLE AND MULTILAYER THIN FILMS OF CuS, PbS, CdS and CuPc
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Theory
6.3 Experiment
6.4 Results and Discussion 6.4.1 CuPc films
6.4.1 CuPc films
6.4.2 CuS films
6.4.3 Multilayer CuS-CuPc films
6.4.4 PbS films
6.4.5 Multilayer PbS-CuPc films
6.4.6 CdS films
6.4.7 Multilayer CdS-CuPc films
6.4.8 Mul tilayer PbS-CuS films
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION