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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
CONTENTS
PREFACE
I. INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
The Objectives of the Study
Methodology of the Study
A Brief Resume of the Study
Reviev of Literature
Concepts and Definitions
Ecology
Environment
Environment and Development: Sustainable Development
Green Politics and Green Policies
Non Governmental Organisations
A Holistic Approach Towards Environment: The Conceptual Framework
Man-Nature Relationship
Man-Nature Relationship in Different Stages of Economic History
Emergence of Problems
Population Problem
New Production Pattern
New Consumption Pattern
Environmental Problems at the International, National, and Regional Levels
(a) Green house effect and global warning
(b) Ozone layer depletion
(c) Pollution
d) Deforestation
(e) Nuclear threat
History of Environmentalism
(a) Traditional environmentalism
(b) Environmentalism in the West
Global Awareness of Environmentalisn
(b) The Rio summit of 1992
(c) Post Rio period
References
2. DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable Development: A Product of New Thinking
Origin of the Concepts: Economic Growth and Economic Development
Traditional Theories of Development
UN Efforts to Relate Environment and Development
Sustainable Development
Ethical Elements of Sustainable Development
Political Elements of Sustainable Development
Technological Elements of Sustainable Development
Economic Elements of Sustainable Development
(a) Narrow view of development
(b) The precautionary principle of development
(c) A wider view of economy
Main Recommendations of the World Commissionon Environment and Development
(a) Reviving growth
(b) Changing the quality of growth
(c) Conserving and enhancing the resource base
(d) Ensuring a sustainable level of population
(e) Reorienting technology and managing risks
(f) Integrating environment and economics indecision-making
(g) Reforming international economic relations
(h) strengthening international cooperation
Requirements of a Strategy for Sustainable Development
UN Plan for Sustainable Development
(a) Capacity: 21 programme
(b) The commission on sustainable development
World Bank and Sustainable Development
Participatory Development
The Triangular Relationship of Politics, Economics and Environment
The Indian Concept of Development
Gandhian Economics and Sustainable Development
Indian Government and Environment
Green Policies and Sustainable Development
References
3. TOWARDS THE FORMULATION OF GREEN POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN KERALA
The Meaning of Forest
Importance of Forests
(a) Ecological Importance
Biodiversity of forests
Sustainable supply of water
Soil erosion control
Forest: The great sink
(b) The Economic Importance of Forests
The Indian Greenery
(a) Forest area
Per Capita Forest Area in India
(c) World situation
Forests in Kerala
(a) Distribution and extent of forests in Kerala
(b) Deforestation in Kerala
The Green Policy
The Political Process of Policy formulation
The Policy of the United Democratic Front andthe Left Democratic Front
Opinion of Party Leaders
The Factors Behind the Green Policies
History of Forest Management in India
The Indian Tradition in Conserving Forests
Forest Policy During the British Period
Major Forest Policies in India
(a) The Forest Policy of 1952
(b) National Forest Policy 1988
Three Phases of the Indian Forest Policy
Forest Policy in Kerala upto 1980s
Green Policies of Kerala Since 1980
Social Forestry Programmes
Green Policies of 90s
The Halleeswara Project
The Smritivanams
Afforestation Programmes of Government
Social Forestry
The Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development: Kerala State
The Forests
Structures and Linkages of Government Policy
Some of the Main Judicial Decisions
Observations
Role of Bureaucracy
References
4. IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACT OF GREEN POLICIES AND EMERGING ISSUES IN KERALA
Administrative Politics
Environmental Activism and Eco-politics in the Policy Implementation Process
Implementation of British Policies and Its Impact
Ship Buildinq Bonanza
Political Attitude and Policy Implementation in Kerala
An Alternate View of Deforestation
Reasons of Deforestation
(a) Encroachment and issue of title deeds
The Politics of Pattayas
New Style of Encroachment
Timber Lobby and Deforestation in the 1980s
The Timber Lobby and Deforestation in the 90s
Pilgrim Centres and Deforestation
Forest Lands for Hydro Electric and Irrigation Projects
Plantations for Industry
Illicit Ganja Cultivation
Hill Roads: A Threat to Forests
The Politics of Deforestation
The Triangular Forces of Forest Destruction
How the Wrong Implementation of Policies Makes Sustainable Development Impossible
References
5. NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN KERALA AND THE CAUSE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Definition of Non Governmental Organisation
Environmental NGOs
NGOs in India
Environmental NGOs in India
NGOs in Kerala
The Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishat (KSSP)
Emerging into a Mass Movement
Public Lectures and Classes
The Science Jathas
The Environmental Awareness and Activities of KSSP
Environmental Agitational Campaigns of KSSP
The Silent Valley Agitation
Techno-Economic considerations
Socio-Political Considerations
Mass Campaign
Awards and Citations
Society for the Protection of Environment, Kerala (Regd.)
Modus Operandi of SPEK
(a) Publication of pamphlets, periodicals, and books
(b) Conducting seminars, workshops, and camps
Ministry of Human Resource Development Project
(c) School cluster programmes
Other Activities
The Survey Findings
References
6. CASE STUDIES ON CONFLICT IN GREEN POLICIES
Case Study I The Pooyamkutty Project Versus The Pooyamkutty Forests
The Kerala State Electricity Board Report
Justification for Locating the Project in the Forest Area
The Kerala Forest Research Institute Report
Indirect impact
A Comparative Study of the Two Reports
Political Interests and Pooyamkutty Project
Interest of Other Parties
The NGO Interests: A Conflict with Political Interests
Case Study II The Agastyavanam Biological Park
Reintroduction of Animals
Recreational Facilities
Government Sponsored Debate
Claims of Government
Counter Arguments
Tribal Opposition
Court Decisions
Case Study III The Rudravanam Project
Views of Environmental Experts
Consequences of the Conflict of Interests
References
7. AN OVERALL VIEW
Features of Post Independence Green Policy Upto 1980
Policy Focus After 1980
The Implementation of Policies
Forces Behind Deforestation
NGOs: The Only Hope
NGOs: A Solution to Conflicting Interests
Need for Attitudinal Change
The Philosophic Attitude
The Ethical Attitude
The Economic Attitude
The Holistic Approach: A Solution
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. International conventions, protocols, treaties and amendents relating to environment 1911-1983
APPENDIX 2. Nature of Natural Resources
APPENDIX 3. Conventional Economic Development
APPENDIX 4. Importance of Forests
APPENDIX 5. Forest area lost since 1 November 1956
APPENDIX 6. Uses of forests in India: From ancient India to the end of British rule
APPENDIX 7. Evolution of the National Forest policy in India
APPENDIX 8. Forest cases in Kerala
BIBLIOGRAPHY