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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Organic Semiconductors
1.3. Molecular Structure
1.4. Earlier Studies on Phthalocyanines
A. Electrical Studies
Figure 1.3.1 : Basic structural unit of a phthalocyanine molecule
Figure 1.3.2 : Unit cell of a base centered phthalocyanine molecule
Figure 1.3.3 : Normal projection of two molecules of the metalsubstituted phthalocyanine
B. Optical Studies
C. Structural Studies
D. Photoconductivity Studies
References
2. APPARATUS AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Methods of Preparation of Thin Films
2.3. Thermal Evaporation
2.4. Effect of Residual Gases
2.5. Effect of Vapour Beam Intensity
2.6. Effect of Substrate Surface
2.7. Effect of Evaporation Rate
2.8. Contamination from Vapour Source
2.9. Purity of the Evaporating Materials
2.10. Production of Vacuum
2.11. Oil Sealed Rotary Pump
Figure 2.11.1 : Schematic diagram of the cross section of an oil sealed rotcoy pump
2.12. Diffusion Pump
Figure 2.12.1 : Schematic diagram of the cross section of a diffusion
2.13. Vacuum Coating Unit
Figure 2.13.1 : Schematic diagram of a vacuum coating unit
Figure 2.13.2 : Schematic representation of Pirani Gauge
Figure 2.13.3 : Schematic representation of Penning gauge
2.14. Preparation of Films
Figure 2.13.4 : Photograph of the coating unit and accessories
2.15. Substrate Cleaning
2.16. Thickness Measurement
2.17. Tolansky`s Multiple Beam Fizeau Fringe Method
Figure 2.17.1 : Schematic representation of the multiple beam interference method
2.18. Substrate Heater
2.19. Sample Annealing
Figure 2.19.1 : Block diagram of the temperature controller cum recorder
2.20. Conductivity Cell
Figure 2.19.2 : Photograph of the post deposition annealing furnace and controller cum recorder set up
Figure 2.20.1 : Schematic diagram of the cross section of the conductivity cell
2.21. Keithley Programmable electrometer 617
Figure 2.21.1 : Schematic diagram for the electrical conductivity measurement (a)two probe method (b) four probe method
Figure 2.21.2 : Photograph of the elecrical conductivity experimental set up
2.22. UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
2.23. X-ray Diffractometer
Figure 2.22.1 : Block diagram of the optical system of the spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 160 A)
Figure 2.22.2 : Block diagram of the electrical system of the spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 160 A )
Figure 2.22.3 : Photograph of the Shimadzu 160 A spectrometer
Figure 2.23.1. B!ock Diagram of XD 610 diffractometer
Figure 2.23.2 : Photograph of the XD 610 diffractometer
References
3. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES IN COPPER PHTHALOCYANINE, COBALT PHTHALOCYANINE AND LEAD PHTHALOCYANINE THIN FILMS
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Theory
3.3. Experiment
3.4. Results and Discussion
A. Dependence of film thickness
Figure 3.4.1 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000/T for CuPc film of thickness 2261,2877, 3802 and 5058 A
Figure 3.4.2 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000/T for CoPc film of thickness 1645,4658, 7324 and 8152 A
Figure 3.4.3 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000IT for PbPc film of thickness 1440, 2837, 4251 and 5490 A
B. Dependence of Substrate temperature
Figure 3.4.4 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000/T for CuPc films of thickness 4100 Aevaporated at Ts = 50,100, 150 and 200 "C
Figure 3.4.5 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000/T for CoPc films of thickness 2900 Aevaporated at Ts=50, 100, 150 and 200 "C
Figure 3.4.6 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000TT for PbPc films of thickness 3150 Aevaporated at Ts=50,100, 150 and 200 "C
C. Dependence of annealing temperature
Figure 3.4.7 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000/T for CuPc films of thickeness 4100 A annealed at Ta=50, 100, 150 and 200 "C
Figure 3.4.8 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000/T for CoPc films of thickness 2900 A annealed at Ta=50, 100, 150 and 200 "C
Figure 3.4.9 Plot of Lnσ vs 1000/T for PbPc films of thickness 3150 A annealed at Ta=50, 100, 150 and 200 "C
3.5. Conclusion
References
4. OPTICAL STUDIES IN COPPER PHTHALOCYANINE COBALT PHTHALOCYANINE AND LEAD PHTHALOCYANINE THIN FILMS
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Theory
Figure 4.2.1 : Direct transition from valence band to conduction band
Figure 4.2.2 : Indirect transition from valence band to conductionband
Figure 4.2.3: Illustration of Burstein Moss shift
4.3. Experiment
4.4. Results and Discussion
4.5. Conclusion
References
5. STRUCTURAL STUDIES IN COPPER PHTHALOCYANINE, COBALT PHTHALOCYANINE AND LEAD PHTHALOCYANINE THIN FILMS
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Theory
5.3. Experiment
5.4. Results and Discussion
A. Effect of Annealing
5.5. Conclusion
References
6. PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY STUDIES IN COPPER PHTHALOCYANINE COBALT PHTHALOCYANINE AND LEAD PHTHALOCYANINE THIN FILMS
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Mechanisms of Photoconduction
6.3. Experiment
A. Voltage-Current Characteristics
B. Determination of photothermal activation energy
C. Dependence of Incident Intensity
D. Dependence of Incident Energy
6.4. Results and Discussion
6.5. Conclusion
References
7. CONCLUSION