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  • Title
  • DEDICATION
  • DECLARATION
  • CERTIFICATE
  • Preface
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Materials and methods
  • 2.1 Isolation of test organisms
  • 2.2 Culture conditions
  • Macronutrients
  • Micronutrients
  • 2.3 Test procedure
  • Macronutrients
  • Micronutrients
  • 2.4 Growth measurements
  • 2.4.1 Measurement of cell concentration
  • 2.4.2 Quantitative estimation of algal pigments by spectrophotometry
  • 2.4.3 Productivity measurement
  • 2.4.4 Estimation of biochemical compounds
  • 1 Carbohydrate (Kochert, 19783)
  • 2 Protein (Dorsey 1978)
  • 2.5 Photomicrography
  • 2.6 Statistical analysis
  • Modified ward and parish medium for chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Modified ward and parish medium for chlorella ellipsoidea, gerneck macronutrients
  • Modified ward and parish medium for scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) lagerheim
  • Plate 2.1
  • a. Stock cultures of test organisms
  • b. Experimental set up
  • 3 Observations and results
  • 3.1 Effect of selected macronutrients on the growth and physiology of microalgae in culture
  • 3.1.1 Phosphorus (P)
  • 3.1.1.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) rabenhorst
  • 3.1.1.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • 3.1.1.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 1.1 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 1.2 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 1.3 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 1.4 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 1.5 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 1.6 Anova tables showing the effect of phosphorus on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 1.1 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the population growth of test organisms
  • Fig. 1.2 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Fig. 1.3 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Fig. 1.4 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 1.5 Effect of phosphorus (P) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
  • Fig. 1.6 Effect of phosphorus (P) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
  • Plate -3.1 Effect of phosphorus on the morphology of microalgae
  • a. Cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst grown in P-deficient medium
  • b. Cells of C.humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst treated with 0.24 ppm P
  • c. P-deficit cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • d. Cells of C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck treated with 0.24 ppm P
  • e. P-deficient cells of Scenedesmus bijugo, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • f. S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.24 ppm P
  • 3.1.2 Calcium (Ca)
  • 3.1.2.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • 3.1.2.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • 3.1.2.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 2.1 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 2.2 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum hurnicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 2.3 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella elipsoides, Gerneck
  • Table 2.4 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 2.5 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 2.6 Anova tables showing the effect of calcium on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesrnus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 2.1 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the population growth of test organisms
  • Fig. 2.2 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the pigment content of Chlorococcunm humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Fig. 2.3 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Fig. 2.4 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 2.5 Effect of calcium (Ca) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
  • Fig. 2.6 Effect of calcium (Ca) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
  • b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst grown in 1.6 ppm Ca
  • Plate 3.2 Effect of calcium on the morphology of microalgae
  • a. Ca-deficient cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • c. Ca-deficient cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • d. C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck exposed to 0.8 ppm Ca
  • e. Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim grown in Ca-deficient medium
  • f. S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.8 ppm Ca
  • 3.1.3 Magnesium
  • 3.1.3.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • 3.1.3.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • 3.1.3.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 3.1 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhors
  • Table 3.2 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum hurnicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 3.3 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 3.4 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 3.5 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 3.6 Anova tables showing the effect of magnesium on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 3.1 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the population growth of test organisms
  • Fig. 3.2 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the pigment content of Chlorucuccum humicula, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Fig. 3.3 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the pigment content of Chorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Fig. 3.4 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the pigment content of Scenedesnzus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 3.5 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
  • Fig. 3.6 Effect of magnesium (Mg) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
  • Plate 3.3
  • a. Mg-deficient cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst exposed to 2.9 ppm Mg
  • c. Mg-deficient cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • d. Cells of C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck treated with 1.46 ppm Mg
  • e. Mg-deficit cells of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • f. S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 2.9 ppm Mg
  • 3.2 Effect of selected micronutrients on the growth and metabolism of test organisms
  • 3.2.1 Iron
  • 3.2.1.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • 3.2.1.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • 3.2.1.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheirn
  • Table 4.1 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 4.2 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 4.3 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 4.4 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 4.5 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 4.6 Anova tables showing the effect of iron on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 4.1 Effect of iron (Fe) on the population growth of test organisms
  • Fig. 4.2 Effect of iron (Fe) on the pigment content of Chlorococcum hurnicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Fig.4.3 Effect of iron (Fe) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Fig. 4.4 Effect of iron (Fe) on the pigment content of Scerredesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 4.5 Effect of iron (Fe) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
  • Fig. 4.6 Effect of iron (Fe) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
  • plate 3.4 Effect of iron on the morphology of microalgae
  • a. Fe-deficient cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst grown in the medium with 0.0075 ppm Fe
  • c. Fe-deficit cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • d. Cells of C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck exposed to 0.015 ppm Fe
  • e. Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim grown in Fe-deficient medium
  • f. S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.015 ppm Fe
  • 3.2.2 Manganese
  • 3.2.2.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • 3.2.2.2 Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • 3.2.2.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 5.1 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 5.2 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 5.3 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 5.4 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 5.5 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 5.6 Anova tables showing the effect of manganese on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 5.1 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the population growth of test organisms
  • Fig. 5.2 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Fig. 5.3 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Fig. 5.4 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 5.5 Effect of manganese (Mn) on the rate of carbon production (mg C l-1 hr-1) of test organisms
  • Fig. 5.6 Effect of manganese (Mn) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
  • Plate 3.5 Effect of manganese on the morphology of microalgae
  • a. Cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst cultivated in Mn-deficient medium
  • b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst grown in the medium with 0.07 ppm Mn
  • c. Mn-deficit cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • d. Cells of C, ellipsoidea, Gerneck grown in the medium with 0.035 pprn Mn
  • e. Mn-deficit cells of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • f. Cells of S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.035 ppm Mn
  • 3.2.3 Zinc
  • 3.2.3.1 Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • 3.2.3.2 Chlorella ellipsoida, Gerneck
  • 3.2.3.3 Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 6.1 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the population growth and pigment content of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 6.2 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the rate of carbon production of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Table 6.3 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the population growth and pigment content of.Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 6.4 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the rate of carbon production of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Table 6.5 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the population growth and pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Table 6.6 Anova tables showing the effect of zinc on the rate of carbon production of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 6.1 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the population growth of test organisms
  • Fig. 6.2 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the pigment content of Chlorococcum, humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • Fig. 6.3 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the pigment content of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • Fig. 6.4 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the pigment content of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • Fig. 6.5 Effect of zinc (Zn) on the rate of carbon production (mg C I-1 hr-1) of test organisms
  • Fig. 6.6 Effect of zinc (Zn) on carbohydrate and protein content of test organisms
  • Plate 3.6 Effect of zinc on the morphology of microalgae
  • a. Zn-deficient cells of Chlorococcum humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst
  • b. Cells of C. humicola, (Naeg.) Rabenhorst exposed to 0.06 ppm Zn
  • c. Zn-deficit cells of Chlorella ellipsoidea, Gerneck
  • d. Cells of C. ellipsoidea, Gerneck treated with 0.08 ppm Zn
  • e. Zn-deficit cells of Scenedesmus bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim
  • f. Cells of S. bijuga, (Turp.) Lagerheim treated with 0.06 ppm Zn
  • 4 Discussion
  • Phosphorus
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Iron
  • Manganese
  • Zinc
  • 5 Conclusion
  • 6 Summary
  • 7 References