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TITLE
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF EXHIBITS AND DIAGRAMS
1. Introduction
Objectives of the Study
Methodology of the Study
Outline of the Study
2. Technology and Economic Development – An Overview
The Classical Approach
The Neo classical Approach
Rate and Direction of Technological Change
The Marxian Approach
The Gandhian Approach
The Systemic Approach
Technology and Culture
Culture and Transformation
Determinants of Agricultural Technology Development
Population Growth and Technological Change
Environments and Technology
Resource Endowments and Technology
Profit Motive and Technology
3. Traditional
Agriculture
-- A Historical Sketch
Introduction
The Pre-
Agriculture
Phase
Agriculture
as Technology Per se
The Age of human Settlements and the Spread of
Agriculture
Traditional
Agriculture
- Early Phase
3.1 Landscape ecosystems, peoples and means of subsistence in Tamilakam
Tools and the History of Technology
Developments in Farm Implements and Social Transformations
Plough
Agriculture
- A Radical Technology Change
Plough Technology and Social Stratification
The Transformation of Kerala
Farming Systems in Traditional
Agriculture
Traditional
Agriculture
and Indigenous Knowledge
The Concept of Njattuvela
3.1 Njattuvela Calendar
Environment and Culture - Its Role in Traditional
Agriculture
Religion and the Caste System in Traditional
Agriculture
4. Green Revolution - Rationale and History
Introduction
The Rationale of Green Revolution
A Brief History of the Development of the Green Revolution strategy
Background of the India Green Revolution and the Traditional Phase
Independent India and the American Relations
The New Agricultural Strategy
History of Agricultural Research in India
Supply and Demand Factors in Research
The Indian Experience of Green Revolution
Miracle Seeds and the Green Revolution Technology
4.1 An overall view of trends in agricultural inputs - India for the period from 1950-51 to 1992-93
4.2 Decadal percentage change in area under HYVs and use of agricultural inputs -- India from 1950-51 to 1990-91
The Punjab, Haryana and Tamilnadu Experiences
Green Revolution in Kerala
4.3 Trends in area, production and yield in Kerala, 1966 to 1975 and their indices
4.4 Trends in production and yield in paddy in Kerala for the period from 1975-76 to 1989-90
4.5 Fertiliser consumption in Kerala 1961 to 88
4.6 Fertiliser consumption, rice productivity and their indices 1971 to 1987-88
4.7 Consumption of fertilisers in Kerala for all crops in tonnes
5. Agricultural Practices in the Traditional and the Green Revolution Phases in Kuttanad
Introduction
The Socio-economic Situation in the Early and the Pre-modern Phases in Travancore
Kuttanad - History and Physical Features
5.1 Agronomic zones in Kuttanad
Traditional Farming Practices and Relations in Kuttanad
Technology (practices) and Traditional Agrarian Relations in Kuttanad
5.2 Caste and Agrarian Hierarchy in the Traditional Kerala (Travancore) Society
Developments in the Pre-modern Phase
Kayal Reclamations and Capitalist Farming in Kutttanad
Mechanisation, Scale and Output
5.3 List of kayal land reclaimed
Changes in Agrarian Practices and Relations In Kuttanad under Green Revolution
Application of Chemical Inputs
6. An Evaluation of Green Revolution - Its Claims and Consequences
The Effect of Green Revolution on Employment
6.1 Displacement of labour under Kuttanad Green Revolution strategy
Off-farm Input Structure
6.2 Index number of prices received and prices paid by farmers, 1953-54 to 1980
6.3 HYVs developed in the rice research station, Moncompu from 1968 to 1990
Green Revolution and Environment
6.4 Increase /decrease in the quantities of input sold in Kuttanad between 1980 to 1990
7. New Trends in Technology Development in Post Green Revolution
Agriculture
and the GALASA in Kuttanad
Introduction
A Review of the Post-Green Revolution Initiatives in Kuttanad
One rice-one fish system of Integrated Farming
A case of individual initiative in organic farming
Group Approach for Locally Adaptable and Sustainable
Agriculture
(GALASA)
7.1 Difference in the cost of production in Palakkad, 1999GALASA and non-GALASA - A comparison
GALASA in Kuttanad
Location of the GALASA study area
7.2 Details of Puncha Crop in the Ramankary Block Kuttanad 2000-01
7.3 Kavalam Panchayat Physical area.
7.4 Kavalam Panchayat, Area under different Crops (in hectares)
7.5 Distribution of Land Holdings by size in Kavalam Panchayat.
7.6 Details of Padashekarams in the Kavalam Grama Panchayat
7.7 Distribution of holdings under GALASA and in the Panchayat according to size.
Leasing, Occupation, Gender, Age and Educational Status
7.8 Classification of total holdings based on own-cultivation or leased out- the period under GALASA, 2000-01 to 2002-03.
7.9 Classification of Farmers under GALASA based on Main Occupation (Head of Household)
7.10 Classification of Farmers under GALASA based on gender
7.11 Classification of Farmers under GALASA based on Age (Head of Household)
Changes in the Farming Operations under GALASA
7.12 Classification of Farmers under GALASA based on Education (Head of Household)
Input Cost and Yield Position under GALASA
7.13 Average Expenses for Paddy Cultivation per acre under GALASA, Kuttanad (2003)
Cost Structure (operation-wise) in the Traditional, Green Revolution and the GALASA
7.14 Yield & Net returns under GALASA in per Acre - 2003.
7.15 A comparison on expenses for paddy cultivation per Acre under Traditional phase, Green revolution& GALASA.
The Elements of Sustainability in GALASA
7.16 Yield & net returns under Traditional phase, Green revolution & GALASA in per Acre.
7.17 Classification of farmers under GALASA Based on the distance between residence and the field
8. Paradigm Shifts in Technology Development in the Traditional, Green Revolution and Post Green Revolution Phases of
Agriculture
- An Overview
Pattern of Technology Development and Transfer in the Traditional Phase
The Case of Kuttanad
Transfer of Technology in Traditional
Agriculture
8.1 Location-specific Cultivator 1 Society- driven Technology Development and Transfer System in Traditional
Agriculture
The Pattern of Technology Development and Transfer in the Green Revolution Phase
8.2 Green Revolution, Scientist-driven Technology Development and Transfer System.
8.1 Trend in Pesticide Sales, Kuttanad (2000-01 to 2002-03) (in litres)
8.3 Transitional, Participatory Technology Development and Transfer System
8.4 Evolving, Sustainable Farmer-Scientist Participatory Technology Development and Transfer System
9. Summary and Conclusions Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY