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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABBREVIATIONS
PART I. SETTING OF THE STUDY
1. INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH DESIGN
1.1 HOUSING - A WORLD SCENARIO
1.2 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY
1.2.1 Housing Conditions
1.2.1 Percentage of population living below the poverty-line in India.
1.2.2 Rural and urban population of Kerala and India 1901-1991
1.2.3 District -wise rural-urban distribution of population 1991.
1.2 4 Projected rural - urban housing shortage in 1991-2001.
1.2.2 Housing in metro cities
1 2.5 District wise number of occupied residential houses in Kerala in 1991.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.5 HYPOTHESES
1.6 KEY CONCEPTS
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.7.1 Distribution of beneficiaries according to income and religion.
1.7.2 Distribution of beneficiaries based on age and income.
1.8 APPROACH TO STUDY
1.9 UNIVERSE
1.10 PILOT STUDY
1.11 PERIOD OF STUDY
1.12 METHODOLOGY
1.13 TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION
1.14 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1.15 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
1.16 PLAN OF THE STUDY
1.17 CONCLUSION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING
2.3 PROBLEMS OF HOUSING
2.4 HOUSING SHORTAGE
2.5 COST EFFECTIVENESS
2.6 INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO HOUSING
2.7 HOUSING AND ENVIRONMENT
2.8 SOURCES OF HOUSING FINANCE
2.9 URBANISATION APPROACH
2.9.1. Ecology and Housing design
2.9.2 Influence of Industrial revolution
2.10 DECENTRALISATION APPROACH AND CENTRALITY OF FINANCE
2.10.1 Effects of housing investment on national economy
2.11 MARXIAN VIEWS ON HOUSING
21.12 DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH
2.12.1 Prospects for the future
2.12.2 Proposals for reform
2.12.3 Development philosophy and housing provision
2.12.4 Focus on low income housing
2.12.5 Synoptic Constraints on Construction Costs
3. A PROFILE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
3.2.1 Population of India 1901-2016. (actual and projected)
3.2.2 Population growth in Kerala 1951-1991.
3.2.3 Country-wise distribution of migrants from India and Kerala.
3.2.3. Major Country-wise migrants.
3.2.4 District-wise population profile 1991.
3.2.5 Houses constructed in Kerala-district-wise (1991-1995)
3.2.5. Houses Constructed in Kerala - district-wise 1991-1995.
3.2.6 Total number of households in India.
3.2.7 Households having types of facilities.
3.3 HOUSING DEMAND IN KERALA
3.3.1 Housing shortage in Kerala.
3.3.2 Housing demand in Kerala.
3.4 ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN HOUSING
3.5 TREND OF INVESTMENTS IN THE HOUSING SECTOR
3.5.1 Investment in the housing sector under the five year plans.
3.5.1. Investment in the housing sector under the five year plans.
3.5.2 Scheme-wise eighth plan outlay and expenditure under housing.
3.5.3 Scheme wise ninth plan outlay.
3.5.4 Expenditure under plan and non-plan Housing sector
3.6 HOUSING AGENCIES AND HOUSING FINANCE
3.6.1 Comprehensive housing scheme of Kerala State (1998-2002)
3.6.2 Income-wise loan distribution by the Houses for all by 2002 scheme.
3.6.3 Housing agencies in Kerala - achievements (1996-2000)
3.7 HOUSING FINANCE AND FALL IN INTEREST RATES
3.7.1 Interest rate on housing loans.
3.8 HOUSING AND DECENTRALISATION
3.9 ROLE OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
3.8.1 Housing-distribution of state assistance and outlay.
3.9.1 Projected housing need and investment requirement in India (1997-2011)
3.9.2 Housing stock and housing shortage.
3.9.3 Huddles releases 1986-1996.
3.9.4 Category-wise break up of housing units.
3.9.5 Income category wise rate of interest charged by HUDCO.
3.9.6 Income category wise extent of financing of the housing cost.
3.9.7 Cumulative operations of HUDCO from its inception till 31st March 1994.
3.9.8 HUDCO loan sanctions and releases during the 8th and 9th plan.
3.9.9 HUDCOs loan amount and rate of interest.
3.10 AN OUTLINE OF NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY
3.11 LIC HOUSING FINANCE
3.11.1 Supply of housing finance in India by LIC.
3.11.2 Loans sanctioned and disbursed by LIC during 1989-1996.
3.12 GIC HOUSING FINANCE
3.11.3 LIC - Loan slabs and rate of interest.
3.12.1 GIC - Cumulative sanctions and disbursement of loans.
3.12.2 Number of houses financed by GIC (1991-1996)
3.12.3. Loan amounts and the rate of interest by GIC.
3.13 RECENT TRENDS IN LIC, GIC AND HUDCO
3.13.1 Revised interest rate of GIC.
3.14 CO-OPERATIVE SECTOR HOUSING FINANCE
3.14.1 The number of applications sanctioned amount sanctioned and disbursed during 1992-1996 by - HOUSEFED.
3.14.2 The number of applications received and the amount required by HOUSEFED.
3.14.3 The number of houses sanctioned and the loan amount by HOUSEFED.
3.14.4 Income-wise disbursement of loans by HOUSEFED.
3.14.5 Particulars of certain house financing institutions in Kerala.
3.15 NlRMlTl KENDRA
3.15.1 Working results of Nirmiti Kendra.
3.15.2 Eighth five year plan and expenditure of Nirmiti Kendra on housing.
3.16 DEWAN HOUSING FINANCE CORPORATION LTD [DHFL]
3.16.1 Lending rate of housing loan by Dewan Housing Finance Limited.
3.17 FUTURE STRATEGIES
PART II. EMPIRICAL STUDY IN A COMPARATIVE FRAMEWORK
4. HDFC - OPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS
4.1 ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF HDFC
4.2 STRUCTURE
4.3 MAIN OBJECTIVES OF HDFC
4.4 IMPORTANT SCHEMES OF HDFC
4.5 FUNCTIONING OF HDFC
4.5.1 Repayment of loan per month as instalments in HDFC.
4.6 KEY FlNANCIALS OF SELECT COMPANIES IN COMPARISON WITH HDFC
4.6.1 Key financials of select Companies in Comparison with HDFC.
4.6.2 Housing Finance - A glance.
4.6.3 Housing investment under the five year plans.
4.6.3. Housing investment under the five year plans in the public sector and private sector.
4.7 FORMALITIES AND CONDITIONS OF PROCUREMENT, DISBURSAL AND REPAYMENT OF LOAN
4.8 REVIEW OF LENDING OPERATIONS OF HDFC FROM THE YEAR1983-84 to 1999-2000
4.8.1 Review of lending operations of HDFC from 1983 -84 to 1999-2000.
4.8.1. Review of lending operations of HDFC
4.9 REVISED INTEREST RATE OVER THE YEARS
4.9.1 Revised interest rate in 1992.
4.9.2 EMI for a loan of Rs. 10,000.
4.9.3 Revised interest rate in 1994.
4.9.4 EMI for Rs. 10,000 at the revised interest rates.
4.9.5 Revised interest rate in 1996.
4.9.6 EMI at the revised interest rates.
4.9.7 Revised interest rate in 1998.
4.9.8 EMI at the revised interest rates.
4.9.9 Revised interest rate in 1999.
4.9.10 EMI at the revised interest rates.
4.10 HDFC AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
4.11 HDFC AND LOW COST HOUSING
4.12.1 Awards and achievements of HDFC.
4.13 BRIEF EVALUATION OF HDFC IN THE LAST YEAR OF THE MILLENNIUM
4.14 THE ROLE OF VOLUNTARY AGENCIES IN THE LOW INCOME GROUP HOUSING BY HDFC
5. KSHB - AN OVERVIEW
5.1 K.S.H.B - STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
5.2 SCHEMES OF KSHB IN THE YEAR 2000
5.2.1 Housing agencies and the houses to be constructed.
5.2.2 Jubilee Housing Scheme.
5.2.3 Achievements of KSHB from 1996-2000.
5.3. CASH LOAN SCHEMES OF KSHB FROM 1990-2000
5.3.1 Weekly progress report of Cash loan schemes in 1995.
5.3.2 Weekly progress report of Cash loan schemes of EWS under three different regions.
5.3.3 Weekly progress report of Cash loan schemes of LIG under three different regions.
5.3.4 Weekly progress report of Cash loan schemes of MIG under three different regions.
5.3.5 Weekly progress report of Cash loan schemes of HIG in three different regions.
5.3.6 Cash loan schemes as on 31st December 1999.
5.4. MAJOR POLICY DECISIONS: (1992-1995)
5.5. SOURCES OF FINANCE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCES DURING THE YEARS 1992-95
5.5.1 Financial performance of KSHB (1992-95)
5.5.2 Resource mobilisation from financial institution and Government by KSHB.
5.5.3 Repayment to financial institutions.
5.6 RAJIV ONE MILLION HOUSING SCHEME (ROMHS)
5.6.1 Housing Schemes under ROMHS.
5.6.2 Details of housing Complexes.
5.6.3 Modes of adjustments when subsidy is received.
5.6.4 Housing schemes for weaker sections.
5.6.5 Modes of adjustments after receiving the subsidy.
5.6.6 Cash loan housing scheme for low income group.
5.6.7 Cash loan housing scheme for middle income group.
5.6.8 Cash loan housing scheme for high income group.
5.6.9 ROMHS - progress achieved as on March 1996.
5.7. ROLE OF VOLUNTARY AGENCIES
5.8. NEW STRUCTURE FOR THE STATE HOUSING BOARDS
5.9. NEW TRENDS IN THE FUNCTIONING OF KSHB
5.9.1 Disbursement of loan by KSHB based on income 1995-2000.
5.9.1. Disbursement of loan by KSHB based on income category
5.10. ACTIVITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF KSHB FROM 1996-2000
5.10.1 Layout Housing Scheme.
5.10.2 Layout Schemes in progress.
5.10.3 Proposed public housing schemes.
5.10.4.1 List of Completed Schemes.
5.10.4.2 List of Schemes in progress.
5.10.4.3 List of Schemes to be implemented.
5.10.6.1 Scheme completed exclusively for NRI.
5.10.6.2 NRI scheme in progress.
5.10.7.1 Details of Completed units of ROMHS.
5.10.7.2 Details of Completed units during 1997-98.
5.10.7.3 Details of housing complexes in progress.
6. EXPERIENCE OF THE SELECTED BENEFICIARIES OF KSHB AND HDFC - AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
6.1 BASIC INFORMATIONS
6.1.1 Distribution of beneficiaries of KSHB and HDFC based on age and income.
6.1.1. Percentage of beneficiaries based on income and age group
6.1.2 Distribution based on Sex and income.
6.1.2. Percentage of beneficiaries of KSHB and HDFC based on sex composition
6.1.3 Distribution of beneficiaries on Income and Marital Status.
6.1.4 Distribution based on income and religion.
6.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
6.2.1 Distribution of beneficiaries based on the size of the family and income class.
6.2.1. Percentage of beneficiaries based on the income group and the size of the family
6.2.2 Distribution based on income and employment.
6.2.2. Percentage of beneficiaries based on the income group and employment
6.2.3 Distribution of beneficiaries according to occupation.
6.2.3. Percentage of beneficiaries based on the income group and occupation
6.2.4 Distribution according to the source of income.
6.2.5 Distribution of beneficiaries based on the saving capacity.
6.2.6 Distribution considering housing as a value.
6.3 PRELIMINARY DETAILS OF HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
6.3.1 Distribution of beneficiaries based on the location of the house.
6.3.1. Percentage of beneficiaries based on location of the house
6.3.2 Location of house area wise.
6.3.3 Distribution of respondents based on income class and centre.
6.3.3. Percentage of beneficiaries based on income class and region
6.3.4 Year of construction of the house of various income groups.
6.3.4. Percentage of beneficiaries based on the year of house construction
6.3.5 Distribution of respondents regarding the supervision of construction work.
6.4 TYPE OF HOUSE
6.4.1 Percentage of houses based on type.
6.4.1. Percentage of houses based on type
6.4.2 Distribution of the house based on the floor area.
6.4.2. Percentage of beneficiaries according to the floor area of the house
6.4.3 Floor area Vs Size of the family
6.5 SOURCE OF FINANCE
6.5.1 Beneficiaries awareness of the financing agencies.
6.5.2 Assistance received from house financing agencies by various income groups.
6.5.3 Assistance received from house financing agencies based on centre.
6.6 PRELIMINARY DETAILS OF LOAN PROCUREMENT
6.6.1 Difference between estimated cost and actual cost of construction.
6.6.2 Opinion of the beneficiary regarding the amount paid in each instalment.
6.6.3 Money raised through loan by the beneficiaries.
6.6.4 Mode of repayment of loan by the beneficiaries.
6.7 SOLUTION TO THE HOUSING PROBLEM
6.7.1 Importance of owning a house.
6.7.2 Distribution of beneficiaries based on the type of house they owned earlier.
6.7.3 Beneficiarys experience of taking a loan.
6.7.4 High rate of interest and acceptance of loan.
6.7.5 Beneficiarys feeling of the burden of repayment.
6.7.5. Percentage of beneficiaries feeling of the burden of repayment
6.7.6 Respondents view on solving the housing problem.
6.7.7 Awareness of other housing finance agencies.
6.7.8 Luxurious houses and funds from house financing agencies.
6.7.9 Other possibilities of building a house.
6.8 GULF REMITTANCES AND HOUSING BOOM
6.8.1 Family members of the beneficiaries working in Gulf-countries.
6.8.2 Opinion regarding the Gulf remittances causing housing loan in Kerala.
6.8.3 Influence of neighbor’s house in the house building project.
6.9 COST-EFFECTIVE HOUSING
6.9.1 Influence of low cost building on the beneficiarys percentage of responses.
6.9.2 Reasons for not finding many low cost houses in the urban and suburban areas.
6.9.3 Preference for the low cost housing to conventional buildings.
6.10 DEGREE OF SATISFACTION
6.10.1 Degree of satisfaction among the lower income group.
6.10.2 Degree of satisfaction among the middle income group.
6.10.3 Degree of satisfaction among the high income group.
6.10.4 Degree of total satisfaction.
6.11 LEVEL OF SATISFACTION Vs. REGION
6.11.1 Table showing the level of satisfaction of time taken between the processing of application of loan and sanctioning of loan in three regions.
6.11.2. Level of satisfaction of receipt of installment on time.
6.11.3. Level of satisfaction of the time given for repayment.
6.11.4. Level of satisfaction of the mode of repayment
6.11.5. Level of satisfaction regarding the return of the title deed and other documents.
6.11.6. Level of satisfaction of the five factors taken together.
PART III. SUMMARY
7. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
7.1 YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT
7.2 ELIGIBILITY OF AVAILING LOANS
7.3 RATE OF INTEREST
7.4 MODE OF REPAYMENT
7.5 SECURITY FOR LOAN
7.6 SCHEMES OF HDFC AND KSHB
7.7 LOAN DISBURSEMENT
7.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF THE HOUSE OWNER
7.9 PRELIMINARY DETAILS OF HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
7.10 SOURCES OF FINANCE
7.11 PRELIMINARY DETAILS OF LOAN PROCUREMENT
7.12. DEGREE OF SATISFACTION
7.13 IMPACT OF GULF REMITTANCES ON HOUSING IN KERALA
714 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON COST EFFECTIVE HOUSING AND CONVENTIONAL HOUSING
7.15 ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS
7.16 GOVERNMENT AND FINANCIAL AGENCIES
7.17 FACTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
7.18 CREATING AWARENESS AND HEALTHY ATTITUDES
7.19 NEED-BASED DISBURSEMENTS AND SlMPLlFlCATlON OF PROCEDURES
7 20 LAND - THE PRIME FACTOR
7.21 COST-EFFECTIVE, ECO-FRIENDLY HOUSING
7.22 DECENTRALISATION AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
7.23 NEED FOR A DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH
7.24 BUILDING NORMS AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERTISE
7.25 RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM
7 26 HOUSING CAN CONTROL POPULATION
7.27 NEED FOR A NEW STRATEGY
7.28 EXODUS TO CITIES AND SUBURBS
7.29 CHANGE IN THE MIND-SET
7.30 INTEGRATED APPROACH
7.31 VILLAGE HOUSING SURVEY -A MUST
7.32 REDRESS THE GRIEVANCES OF FLAT/APARTMENT DWELLERS
7.33 WOMEN AND HOUSING
7.34 NEW CONSTRUCTION STRUCTURE
7.35 CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX