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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibits
GLOSSARY
I. Introduction
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Entrepreneurship - the vital human resource
3. Women and Economic Development
4.WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
5. Statement of the Problem
6. Objectives of the Study
7.Sample Design
8. Methodology and Data base
9. Relevance of the study.
10. Literature review.
11. Limitations of the study.
12. Chapter scheme.
References
II. SOCIO - ECONOMIC STRUCTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
CONTENTS
1. General
2. Infrastructure
1. Transport
2. Communication
3. Supply of Human Resource
1. 2.1 Supply of Human Resources in the state
4. Power
2. 2.2 Power Supply and consumption in Kerala 1990-2000
5. Banking
3. Human resource Development
3. 2.3 Banking Statistics of Kerala 1990-2000
4. 2.4 Educational Institutions and intake of students
4. Natural Resource
1.
Agriculture
Resources
5. 2.5 Major Agricultural products
2. Mineral Resources
3. Industrial Land
5. Industrial Relations
6. Economic Participation Rate
6. 2.6 Work participation Rate in Kerala
I Rate of Work Participation in Kerala & India 1981-2000
2 Female Work Participation Rate Kerala- India
7. Central Sector Investment
Industrial Sickness
7. 2.7 Central Sector Investment In Kerala
8. 2.8 Magnitude of Industrial sickness in Kerala
Peoples Planning
8. Social status of women in Kerala
3.Rate of Women unemployment in Kerala
9. Implications of Economic reforms on Women Entrepreneurs
Negative impacts
4 Growth of Employment opportunities in Kerala
Positive impacts
References
III. DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KERALA
CONTENTS
Introduction.
Types of women entrepreneurs
Typical Characteristics for Successful Women Entrepreneur
Development of Women Entrepreneurship
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP - World Scenario
Women Entrepreneurship in Canada.
9. 3.1 Proportion of women in self-employment Sector in selected countries
South Africa
Women Entrepreneurship in Israel.
Development of women entrepreneurship in the USA
Women Entrepreneurship in Japan
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA
10. 3.2 Women-owned enterprises in the United States
Growth of women entrepreneurship in Kerala
Women in the Small Scale sector
5 Participation of Women in the Small Scale Sector
Women Industries Programme (WIP)
11. 3.3 Growth of women participation in the SS sector
6 Annual Growth rate of men and Women units registered in Kerala 1991-200
Industrial Cooperative societies.
12 3.4 The progress of Registration Under WIP Scheme
Women Component Plan Under Local Self Governments.
13.3.5 Growth of women Industrial Co operative societies
14. 3.6 Women Component Plan- utilisation of fund
Self Help Groups (SHGs)
Kudambasree Projects
References
IV. GOVERNMENT MEASURES AND INSTITUTIONS IN SUPPORT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
CONTENTS
Support by Govt. of India
Reserve Bank of India
Action Plan for Strengthening Delivery of Credit to Women
SUPPORTIVE MEASURES OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT
SPECIAL ASSISTANCE FOR WOMEN ENTERPRISES
Institutional Support Programmes
A. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCES
B. CONSULTANCY SERVICES
C. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING
D. ASSISTANCE FOR MARKETING
E. INFRASTRUCTURE
NATURE AND EFFICACY OF INSTITUTIONAL ASSISTANCE
Entrepreneurial Training and ~eveloprnentP rogrammes
15. 4.1 Institutional/ Government Assistance Received By Entrepreneurs
16. 4.2 Entrepreneurs attended EDP and their opinion
17. 4.3 Entrepreneurs did not participate in EDPs and Reasons for Non-participation
Difficulties experienced in getting government assistance
18. 4.4 Entrepreneurs experienced difficulties in getting assistance and nature of difficulties
Awareness of entrepreneurs on Governmental Measures andInstitutional Support
7 Entrepreneurs Awareness on Governmental schemes
19. 4.5 Awareness of entrepreneurs about governmental support / programmes
Sustainability of women enterprises and Governmentalsupport
20.4.6 Units received state assistance and sustainability
8 Governmental Support and Sustainability
Awareness and opinion of women entrepreneurs on new economicpolicy
21. 4.7 Opinion of entrepreneurs about the impact of new economic policy
V. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE SMALL SCALE SECTOR
CONTENTS
Introduction
Growth of Small Scale Sector
22 5.1 Growth of women enterprises in Kerala
Growth of women in the Small Scale sector
9 Growth of women enterprises in the SSI sector
23 5.2 District wise growth of women enterprises in Kerala
24 5.3 Product wise distribution of units in the frame
25 5.4 Product wise Distribution of units in the sample
Socio economic and Educational background
26 5.5 Distribution of sample units by religion
27 5.6 Entrepreneurs by marital status and age
10 Marital Status of women entrepreneurs
11 Educational Qualification of entrepreneurs in the sample
28 5.7 Distribution of entrepreneurs by age and education
29 5.8 Distribution of entrepreneurs by income
30 5.9 Distribution of entrepreneurs by previous experience
31 5.10 Distribution by Business tradition of Entrepreneurs
32 5.11 Sector wise distribution of enterprises and growth
33 5.12 Average investment in fixed assets and number of employees
Sources of Finance
34 5.13 Distribution of enterprises by source of funds
35 5.14 Distribution of units by funds invested on different Assets
36 5.15 Distribution of Owners equity.
37 5.16 Percentage of Borrowed funds in total investment
12 Investment pattern in sample units
38 5.17 Average Capacity utilisation in enterprises
13 Average Capacity utilisation
39 5.18 Product wise distribution by Capacity utilization
14.Reasons for under utilisation of capacity in sample units
40 5.19 Main reasons for under utilisation of capacity
41 5.20 Ranking of reasons for under utilisation of capacity
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Problems in launching a unit
42 5.21 Problems of entrepreneurs in launching the unit
15 Problems of women entrepreneurs to start new units
Problems in running the unit
43 5.22 Problems of entrepreneurs in running the enterprise
16 Problems of women entrepreneurs in running business
Nature of Financial problems in women units.
44 5.23 Nature of Financial problems in women enterprises
17 Nature of financial problems in women enterprises
Inadequate working Capital
45 5.24 Shortage of working capital
18 Shortage of working capital in women enterprises
REASONS FOR SHORTAGE OF WORKING CAPITAL
46 5.25 Reason for shortage of working capital
19 Reasons for the shortage of working capital
Adequacy of initial investment of working capital
47 5.26 Initial investment on Working capital and shortage
Shortage of working capital and Credit policy
48 5.27 Product wise distribution of units by period of credit
49 5.28 Proportion of outstanding debts to, working capital
Credit facilities available from suppliers
50 5.29 Distribution of units availing credit facilities.
51 5.30 Distribution of units availing credit and amount payable
52 5.31 Main features of Credit policy
Working Status and Sustainability
20 Working status of Sample units
53 5.32 Working status of women enterprises
Business Tradition and Sustainability
Type of Organisation and sustainability
54 5.33 Business tradition and sustainability of enterprise
55 5.34 Type of organisation and sustainability of enterprise
21 Type of organization and of sustainability
Educational qualification and Sustainability
56 5.35 Education of entrepreneurs and Sustainability of units
22 Sustainability of units and Education of Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurial Training and sustainability
57 5.36 Entrepreneurs Trained and working status of units
23 Entrepreneurial training and sustainability
Nature of production and sustainability of the unit
58 5.37 Nature of Production and sustainability of units
VI. FUNCTIONING OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN KERALA
CONTENTS
Introduction
Entrepreneurial Traits
Motivation to start own enterprise
59 6.1 Factors of Motivation to start own business unit
24 Factors of motivation to start business unit
Business Awareness
60 6.2 Distribution of units by Business awareness of entrepreneurs
25 Project awareness of Entrepreneurs.
Role in Decision Making
61 6.3 Involvement of family members in management
Market Awareness
62 6.4 Entrepreneurs conducted market study
63 6.5 Distribution of units conducted market study and sustainability of units
Nature of marketing channel
64 6.6 Distribution of units by Product groups and distributionchannel
Selection of Location
Selection of product and product management
65 6.7 Distribution of units by reason for selection of the location
66 6.8 Reason for the selection of product
67 6.9 Product wise distribution of units and reasons forselection of the product
Product management
68 6.10 Distribution of units effected Product modification
Marketing & Price management
Pricing policy
69 6.11 Strategy adopted to face competition
70 6.12 Distribution of units by Method of Pricing
Level of self-satisfaction
Reasons for dissatisfaction
71 6.13 Level of satisfaction among women entrepreneurs
72 6.14 Reasons for dissatisfaction
Optimism and Determination
73 6.15 Determination and optimism of entrepreneurs
Balancing of Roles
74 6.16 Impact of Entrepreneurial duties on Household responsibilities
Entrepreneurship Success Quotient
Sustainability And Entrepreneurship Quotient
75 6.17 Distribution of Entrepreneurship Success Quotient
76 6.18 Distribution of mean score of ESQ
Education and entrepreneurial traits.
78 6.19 Distribution by education and ESQ
Training and Entrepreneurial quotient
79 6.20 Trained Entrepreneurs and Mean score of ESQ
Religious groups and entrepreneurial traits
80 6.21 Distribution religious groups and ESQ
Business tradition and Entrepreneurial traits.
81 6.22 Business tradition and average score of ESQ.
Correlation of Sustainability to Related Variables
82 6.23 Correlation of sustainability to other variables
VII. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Summary of findings: Socio- Economic environment for entrepreneurship development
3 Development of women entrepreneurship in Kerala
4 Efficacy of Institutional / Governmental support
5 Impact of New economic Policy on women entrepreneurship
6 Profile of women enterprises in the state.
7 Working status and Sustainability in the small-scale sector
8 Prospects and Problems of women entrepreneurs
9 Entrepreneurial strengths and weakness
10 Entrepreneurship Success Quotient (ESQ)
11 Suggestions
1. Reset the role of government
2. Refine the Institutional support
3. Redefine the functions of District industries Centres
4. Cultivate Entrepreneurial Culture And Provide EffectiveTraining To Potential Entrepreneurs.
4. Revise Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs)
5. Industrial incubators and clusters
6. Technology development
7. Policy of self employment
8. Access to cheap Financial assistance
9. Improve Marketing facilities
11. Sea change in the mindset of entrepreneurs
12. Formalize the Involvement of NGOs
further study
APPENDIX I Bibliography
APPENDIX II Institutional agencies for the Development of women Entrepreneurship.
APPENDIX III Interview Schedule