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  • TITLE
  • CERTIFICATE
  • DECLARATION
  • PREFACE
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  • CONTENTS
  • LIST OF TABLES
  • LIST OF FIGURES
  • I. FAMILY MENTAL HEALTH: CONCEPT, VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • A. THE CONCEPT OF FAMILY MENTAL HEALTH
  • B. VARIABLES OF FAMILY MENTAL HEALTH AND THEIR MEASUREMENT
  • 1. Total Family Functioning
  • (a) Circumplex Model of Family Functioning
  • (b) The McMaster Model of Family Functioning
  • (c) Structural Model of Familv Functioning
  • Measurement of Total Family Functioning
  • a. Beavers - Timberlawn Family Evaluation Scale
  • b. Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales
  • c. Family Assessment Measure
  • d. Family Assessment Device
  • e. Family Concept Assessment Method
  • f. Family Environment Scale
  • g. Structural Family Interaction Scale
  • 2. Quality of Marital Life
  • A. Theories of Marital Quality
  • (i) Theory of Marital Satisfaction
  • (ii) Exchange Theory of Marital Quality
  • B. Measurement of Marital Quality
  • i) The Marital Adjustment Scale (MAS)
  • ii) The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS)
  • iii) Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI)
  • iv) The Quality Marriage Index (QMI)
  • v) Marital Quality Scale (MQS)
  • 3. Subjective Well -Being
  • A. Theories of Subjective Well-Being
  • i) Endpoint or Telic Theories
  • ii) Activity Theories
  • B. Measurement of Subjective Well-Being
  • 1.1 Subjective Well-Being Scales
  • C. lssues in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being
  • CONCLUSION
  • II. PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF DUAL EARNER FAMILIES: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • A. Impact of Womens Employment on Family Functioning
  • B. Impact of Womens Employment on Mamage and Marital Relationship.
  • C. Impact of Employment on the Psychological Well-Being of Working Wives
  • D. Psychological Well-Being of Male Spouse in Dual Earner Families
  • E. Impact of Maternal En~ploymenot n Children in Dual Earner Families
  • CONCLUSION
  • III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Statement of the Problem
  • Scope of the study
  • Aim of the Study
  • Specific Objectives of the Study
  • Operational Definition of Terms
  • A. Dual Earner Family
  • B. Traditional Single Earner Family
  • C. Family Life Cycle
  • D. Family Functioning
  • E. Quality of Marital Life
  • F. Subjective Well-Being
  • C. Role Commitmerrt
  • H. Role Reward Value
  • I. Adolescent
  • Measurement of Relevant Variables
  • 1. Family Functiouing
  • 2. Quality of Marital Life
  • 3. Subjective Well-Being
  • 4. Role Commitment and Role Reward Value
  • 5. Mental Health of Adolescents
  • Hypotheses
  • RESEARCH DESIGN
  • Universe of the Study
  • Unit of the Study
  • Method and Procedure of Sampling
  • Pilot Study
  • Tools of Data Collectiort
  • 1. Socio-demographic Data Sheet
  • 2. Family Adaptability & Cohesion Evaluation Scales III (FACES III)
  • 3. Marital Quality Scale (MQS)
  • 4. Subjective Well-Being Inventory (SWBI)
  • 5. Life Role Salience Scales (LRSS)
  • Pre-Testing
  • Data Collection
  • Data Processing and Analysis
  • CHAPTERISATION
  • Limitations of the Study
  • IV. FAMILY FUNCTIONING IN DUAL EARNER AND TRADITIONAL SINGLE EARNER FAMILIES.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PART I: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND OCCUPATIONAL FEATURES
  • A. Age of Spouses
  • 4.1 Age-wise Distribution of Male Spouses
  • 4.2 Statistical Details of Age of Male Spouses
  • 4.3 Analysis of Variance of Age of Male Spouses
  • 4.4 Age-wise Distribution of Female Spouses
  • 4.5 Statistical Details of Age of Female Spouses
  • B. Religious Orientation of the Families
  • 4.6 Analysis of Variance of Age of Female Spouses
  • 4.7 Religion of the Families
  • C. Educational Qualification of Spouses
  • 4.8 Educational Qualification of Male Spouses
  • 4.9 Educational Qualification of Female Spouses
  • D. Occupation of Spouses
  • 4.10 Occupation of Male Spouses
  • 4.11 Occupation of Female Spouses
  • E. Job Tenure of Spouses
  • 4.12 Job Tenure of Male Spouses
  • 4.13 Statistical Details of Job Tenure of Male Spouses
  • 4.14 Analysis of Variance of Job Tenure of Male Spouses
  • 4.15 Job Tenure of Female Spouses
  • F. Promotions Obtained by Spouses in Their Job
  • 4.16 Statistical Details of Job Tenure of Female Spouses
  • 4.17 Number of Promotions Obtained by Male Spouses
  • 4.18 Statistical Details of Job Tenure of Male Spouses
  • 4.19 Number of Promotions Obtained by Female Spouses
  • G. Salary of Spouses
  • 4.20 Statistical Details of Job Tenure of Female Spouses
  • 4.21 Salary of Male Spouses
  • 4.22 Statistical Details of Salary Drawn by Male Spouses
  • 4.23 Analysis of Variance of Salary of Male Spouses
  • 4.24 Monthly Salary of Female Spouses
  • 4.25 Statistical Details of Salary Drawn by Female Spouses
  • 4.26 Analysis of Variance of Salary of Female Spouses
  • H. Occupational Status at the Time of Marriage
  • 4.27 Duration of Break in Career for Female Spouses
  • 4.28 Occupational Status of Male Spouses at Marriage
  • 4.29 Occupational Status of Female Spouses at Marriage
  • PART Il: PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF THE FAMJLY GROUPS
  • 4.30 Levels of Family Cohesion in the Study Groups
  • 4.1 Levels of Family Cohesion
  • 4.31 Statistical Details of Cohesion of the Three Family Groups.
  • 4.32 Distribution of Levels of Family Cohesion by Family Type
  • 4.33 Levels of Family Adaptability in the Study Groups
  • 4.2 Levels of Family Adaptability
  • 4.34 Statistical Details of Family Adaptability of the Three Family Groups
  • 4.35 Classification of Level of Family Adaptability by Family Type
  • Total Family Functioning of the Study Group
  • 4.3 The Circumplex Grid
  • 4.4 Balanced Mid-Range and Extreme type of Families
  • 4.36 Family Types of Study Groups According to Family Functioning
  • 4.37 Classification of Balanced Mid-range and Extreme Types of Families
  • 4.5 Type of Family Functioning
  • 4.38 Classification of Type of Family Functioning According to Family Life Cycles
  • 4.6 Type of Family Functioning by Family Life Cycle
  • V. QUALITY OF MARITAL LIFE AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING OF SPOUSES IN DUAL EARNER AND TRADITIONAL SINGLE EARNER FAMILIES.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PART - I: QUALITY OF MARITAL LIFE OF SPOUSES IN DUALEARNER AND SINGLE EARNER FAMILIES.
  • 5.1 Duration of Marriage of Couples
  • 5.2 Statistical Details of Duration of Marriage
  • 5.3 Analysis of Variance of Duration of Marriage
  • A. Understanding Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.4 Understanding Score of Spouses
  • 5.5 Analysis of Variance of Understanding Score of Spouses
  • B. Rejection Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.6 Rejection Score of Spouses
  • 5.7 Analysis of Variance of Rejection Score of Spouses
  • C. Satisfaction Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.8 Satisfaction Score of Spouses
  • D. Affection Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.9 Analysis of Variance of Satisfaction Score of Spouses
  • 5.10 Affection Score of Spouses
  • E. Despair Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.11 Analysis of Variance of Affection Score of Spouses
  • 5.12 Despair Score of Spouses
  • 5.13 Analysis of Variance of Despair Score of Spouses
  • F. Decision Making Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.14 Decision Making Score of Spouses
  • 5.15 Analysis of Variance of Decision Making Score of Spouses
  • G. Discontent Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.16 Discontent Score of Spouses
  • H. Dissolution Potential Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.17 Analysis of Variance of Discontent Score of Spouses
  • 5.18 Dissolution Potential Score of Spouses
  • I. Dominance Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.19 Analysis of Variance of Dissolution Potential Score of Spouses
  • 5.20 Dominance Score of Spouses
  • J. Self-Disclosure Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.21 Analysis of Variance of Dominance Score of Spouses
  • 5.22 Self-Disclosure Score of Spouses
  • K. Trust Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.23 Analysis of Variance of Self-Disclosure Score of Spouses
  • 5.24 Trust Score of Spouses
  • 5.25 Analysis of Variance of Trust Score of Spouses
  • L. Role Functioning Dimension of Marital Quality
  • 5.26 Role Functioning Score of Spouses
  • 5.27 Analysis of Variance of Role Functioning Score of Spouses
  • 5.28 Total Mean Score of Marital Quality
  • 5.29 Analysis of Variance of Total Score of Marital Quality
  • 5.1 Mean Score of Marital Quality of Spouses
  • 5.30 Marital Quality of Couples According to Family Life Cycles
  • 5.2 Marital Quality Score of Couples by Family Life Cycle
  • 5.31 Analysis of Variance of Marital Quality Score Over Family Life Cycles
  • PART - II: SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING OF COUPLES IN DUALEARNER AND SINGLE EARNER FAMILIES
  • A. Subjective Well-Being - Positive Affect
  • 5.32 Positive Affect Score of Husbands and Wives
  • B. Expectation - Achievement Congruence
  • 5.33 Expectation-Achievement Congruence Score of Husbands and Wives
  • C. Confidence in Coping
  • 5.34 Confidence in Coping of Husbands and Wives
  • D. Transcendence
  • 5.35 Transcendence Score of Spouses
  • E. Family Group Support
  • 5.36 Perception of Family Group Support of Spouses
  • F. Social Support
  • 5.37 Perception of Social Support of the Spouses
  • G. Primary Group Concern
  • 5.38 Primary Group Concern of Spouses
  • H. Inadequate Mental Mastery
  • 5.39 Inadequate Mental Mastery Score of Spouses
  • I. Perceived Ill-health
  • 5.40 Perceived Ill-Health Score of Spouses
  • J. Deficiency in Social Contacts
  • 5.41 Deficiency in Social Contacts of Spouses
  • K. General Well-being - Negative Affect
  • 5.42 General Well-Being: Negative Score of Spouses
  • CONCLUSION
  • VI. ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF COUPLES IN DUAL EARNER AND SINGLE EARNER FAMILIES.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • A. Occupational Role Reward Value of Spouses
  • 6.1 Occupational Role Reward Value of Male Spouses
  • 6.2 Occupational Role Reward Value of Female Spouses
  • 6.1 Occupational Role Reward Value of Husbands
  • 6.2 Occupational Role Reward Value of Wives
  • 6.3 Statistical Details of Occupational Role Reward Value of Male and Female Spouses
  • B. Occupational Role Commitment of Spouses
  • 6.4 Occupational Role Commitment of Male Spouses
  • 6.5 Occupational Role Commitment Female Spouses
  • 6.3 Occupational Role Commitment of Husbands
  • 6.4 Occupational Role Commitment of Wives
  • 6.6 Statistical Details of Occupational Role Commitment of Male and Female Spouses
  • C. Parental Role Reward Value of Spouses
  • 6.7 Parental Role Reward Value of Male Spouses
  • 6.8 Parental Role Reward Value of Female Spouses
  • 6.5 Parental Role Reward Value of Husbands
  • 6.6 Parental Role Reward Value of Wives
  • 6.9 Statistical Details of Parental Role Reward Value of Male and Female Spouses
  • D. Parental Role Commitment of Spouses
  • 6.10 Parental Role Commitment of Male Spouses
  • 6.11 Parental Role Commitment of Female Spouses
  • 6.12 Statistical Details of Parental Role Commitment of Male and Female Spouses
  • 6.7 Parental Role Commitment of Husbands
  • 6.8 Parental Role Commitment of Wives
  • E. Marital Role Reward Value of Spouses
  • 6.13 Marital Role Reward Value of Male Spouses
  • 6.14 Marital Role Reward Value of Female Spouses
  • 6.9 Marital Role Reward Value of Husbands
  • 6.10 Marital Role Reward Value of Wives
  • 6.15 Statistical Details of Marital Role Reward Value of Male and Female Spouses
  • F. Marital Role Commitment of Spouses
  • 6.16 Marital Role Commitment of Male Spouses
  • 6.17 Marital Role Commitment of Female Spouses
  • 6.11Marital Role Commitment of Husbands
  • 6.12 Marital Role Commitment of Wives
  • 6.18 Statistical Details of Marital Role Commitment Value of Male and Female Spouses
  • G. Homecare Role Reward Value of Spouses
  • 6.19 Relationship of Marital Quality with Marital Role Reward Value and Marital Role Commitment
  • 6.20 Homecare Role Reward Value of Male Spouses
  • 6.21 Homecare Role Reward Value of Female Spouses
  • 6.22 Statistical Details of Homecare Role Reward Value of Male and Female Spouses
  • 6.13 Homecare Role Reward Value of Husbands
  • 6.14 Homecare Role Reward Value of Wives
  • H. Homecare Role Commitment of Spouses
  • 6.23 Homecare Role Commitment of Male Spouses
  • 6.24 Homecare Role Commitment of Female Spouses
  • 6.15 Homecare Role Commitment of Husbands
  • 6.16 Homecare Role Commitment of Wives
  • 6.25 Statistical Details of Homecare Role Commitment of Male and Female Spouses
  • 6.26 Mean Scores of Family and Work Role Reward Value and Commitment of Male Spouses
  • 6.27 Mean Scores of Family and Work Role Reward Value and Commitment of Female Spouses
  • CONCLUSION
  • VII. CHILDREN IN DUAL EARNER AND SINGLE EARNER FAMILIES AND THEIR MENTAL HEALTH.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PART I: BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF CHILDREN lN DUA LEARNER AND SINGLE EARNER FAMILIES
  • A. Number of Children in a Family
  • 7.1 Number of Children in the Three Family Groups
  • B. Age of Children
  • 7.2 Statistical Details of Number of Children
  • 7.3 Age-wise Distribution of Children
  • 7.4 Statistical Details of Age of Children
  • C. Sex of Children in the Study Groups
  • 7.5 Sex-wise Distribution of Children
  • D. Educational Background of Children
  • 7.6 Educational Status of Children
  • PART II: MENTAL HEALTH STATUS OF CHILDREN IN DUAL EARNER AND SINGLE EARNER FAMILIES
  • A. Optimism of Adolescent Children
  • 7.7 Level of Optimism of Children
  • B. Adaptability of Adolescent Children
  • 7.8 Adaptability of Adolescent Children
  • C. Sense of Security of Children
  • 7.9 Sense of Security of Children
  • D. Regularity of Habits of Adolescents
  • 7.10 Regularity of Habits of Adolescents
  • E. Perception of Reality of Adolescents
  • 7.11 Perception of Reality of Children
  • F. Emotional Maturity
  • 7.12 Emotional Maturity of Adolescents
  • G. Social Conformity
  • 7.13 Social Conformity of Adolescents
  • H. Freedom from Sociopathic Tendencies
  • I. Recreational Pursuits
  • 7.14 Freedom from Sociopathic Tendencies
  • J. Mastery of Environment of Adolescent Children
  • 7.15 Recreational Pursuits of Adolescents
  • K Positive Attitude Towards Self
  • 7.16 Mastery of Environment of Adolescents
  • L. Positive Attitude Towards Others
  • 7.17 Positive Attitude Towards Self of Adolescents
  • M. Freedom from Negativism
  • 7.18 Positive Attitude Towards Others of Adolescents
  • 7.19 Freedom from Negativism of Adolescents
  • N. Freedom from Nervous Symptoms
  • 7.20 Freedom from Nervous Symptoms of Adolescents
  • 0. Freedom from Withdrawing Tendencies
  • 7.21 Freedom from Withdrawing Tendencies
  • P. Concept of Degree of Freedom
  • 7.22 Concept of Degrees of Freedom of Adolescents
  • Q. Mental Health Status of Adolescents
  • 7.23 Mental Health Status of Adolescents
  • 7.1 Mental Health Status of Adolescents
  • 7.24 Inter-group Comparison of Mental Health of Adolescents
  • PART III: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARITAL QUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN
  • 7.25 Relationship Between Marital Quality and Mental Health of Adolescents
  • CONCLUSION
  • VIII. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PART I: MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
  • A: Psychological Functioning of Dual Earner and Traditional Single Earner Families.
  • B. Quality of Marital Life of Spouses in Dual Earner and Traditional Single Earner Families
  • C. Subjective Well-Being of Male and Female Spouses
  • D. Role Reward Value and Role Commitment of Male and Female Spouses
  • E. Mental Health of Adolescent Children
  • PART II: SUGGESTIONS
  • 1. Mental Health Promotion Programmes for the Dual Earner Families
  • 2. Marital Enrichment Programmes for the Traditional Single EarnerCouples
  • 3. School Mental Health Programmes for Children
  • 4. Family Life Education Programmes for Changing the Traditional SexRole Orientation of Husbands
  • 5. Setting up Family Counseling Centers
  • CONCLUSION
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • APPENDICES
  • I SCREENING CHECK-LIST
  • II.A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE MALE SPOUSE
  • II.B QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE FEMALE SPOUSE
  • II.C QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE ADOLESCENT
  • III STRUCTURE, SCORING PATTERN AND NORMS FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF SCALES USED IN THE STUDY