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TITLE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Plates
List of Figures
1 Introduction
Natrix piscator
Naja naja
Eryx johni
2 Materials and Methods
I Morphological Variables
PLATE A Natrix piscator
PLATE B Naja naja
PLATE C Eryx johni
II.Osteology of vertebrae and ribs
III.Scale morphology, arrangements and Micro-ornamentation
lV.Structure and disposition of locomotory muscles
V Locomotor performance testing and patterns of locomotion
VI.Histochemical studies
1. Fat
2. Glycogen
3. Phosphorylase
4. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
5. Phosphatases
6. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)
7. Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases)
8. Acetyl cholinestrase (AchE)
VII.Biochemical studies
1. Estimation of total lipids
2. Estimation of glycogen
3. Assay of phosphorylase
4. Assay of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
5. Assay of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)
6. Assay of alkaline phosphatase
7. Assay of acid phosphatase
8. Assay of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) Activity
9. Assay of acetyl cholinestrase (AchE)
3 Results
I.Morphological variables
II.Osteology of vertebrae and ribs
Fig. 1 Showing body and tail vertebra of Natrix piscator
Fig. 2 Showing the body and tail vetebra of Naja naja
Fig. 3 Showing body and tail vertebra of Eryx john
III.Scale morphology, arrangements and mirco-ornamentation
PLATE D Photographs showing Dorsal and Ventral scale arrangements in Natrix piscator, Naja naja and Eryx johni
PLATE E SEM Photographs of Scales n Natrix piscator showing Micro-ornamentation
PLATE F SEM Photographs of Scales in Naja naja showing Micro-ornamentation
PLATE G SEM Photographs of Scales in Eryx johni showing micro ornamentation
IV.Structure and disposition of locomotory muscles
Fig.4 Locomotory muscles of Natrix piscator lateral view of the musculature of the middle thoracic region (Semi-diagrammatic)
Fig. 5 Locomotory muscles of Naja naja lateral view of the musculature of the middle thoracic region (Semi-diagrammatic)
Fig. 6 Locomotory muscles of Eryx johni lateral view of the musculature of the middle thoracic region (Semi-diagrammatic)
M. Spinalis
M. Semispinalis
M. Multifidus
M. Longissirnus dorsi
M. Interarticularities superior
M. Interarticularis inferior
M. Transversus dorsalis
M. Intervertebralis
M. Retractor costae biceps
M. Levator costae
M. Tuberculocostalis
M. Costovertebrocostalis
M. Costalis internus superior
M. Costalis internus inferior
M. Intercostalis proprius
M. Rectus abdominis
M. Transversus abdominis
M. Supracostadorsalis
M. Costocutaneous superior
M. Costocutaneous inferior
V.Locomotor Performance and Patterns of Locomotion
Fig. 7Different types of snake locomotory patterns
VI.Histochemical Studies
1. Fat
2. Glycogen
3. Phosphorylase
4. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
5. Phosphatases
6. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)
7. Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases)
8. Acetyl choline esterase (AchE) activity
PLATE I T.S of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscator stained for Fat
PLATE II T.S of the iocomotory muscle of Naja naja stained for Fat
PLATE Ill T.S. of the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni stained for Fat
PLATE IV T. S. of the iocomotory muscles of Natrix piscafor stained for Glycogen
PLATE V T. S of the iocomotory muscles of Naja raja stained for Glycogen
PLATE VI T. S of the iocomotory muscles of Eryx johni stained for Glycogen
PLATE VII T. S of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscafor stained for Phosphorylase
PLATE VIll T. S. of the locamotory muscles of Naja naja stained for phosphorylase
PLATE IX T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni stained for phosphorylase
PLATE X T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscator stained for SDH
PLATE XI T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Naja raja stained for SDH
PLATE XII T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni stained for SDH
PLATE XIII T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscafor stained for LDH
PLATE XIV T.S.of the locomotory muscles of Naja naja stained for LDH
PLATE XV T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni stained for LDH
PLATE XVI T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscatorsfained for Alkaline phosphatase
PLATE XVII T. S of the locomotory muscles of Naja naja stained for Alkaline phosphatase
PLATE XVIII T. S of the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni stained for Alkaline phosphatase
PLATE XIX T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscator stained for Acid phosphatase
PLATE XX T. S of the locomotory muscles of Naja naja stained for Acid phosphatase
PLATE XXI T. S of the locomotory muscles of Eryx john! stained for Acid phosphatase
PLATE XXII T S. of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscator stained for Alkaline ATPase
PLATE XXIII T. S of the locomotory muscles of Naja naja stained for Alkaline ATPase
PLATE XXIV T S. of the locomotory muscles of E ryx johni stained for Alkaline ATPase
PLATE XXV T. S, of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscator stained for Acid ATPase
PLATE XXVI T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Naja naja stained for Acid ATPase
PLATE XXVII T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Eryx johnistained for Acid ATPase
PLATE XXVIII T. S. of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscator, Naja naja and Eryx johni stained for AchE activity
VII.Biochemical Studies
1. Lipid
2. Glycogen
3. Phosphorylase
4. Lactate dehyrogenase (LDH)
5. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH)
6. Alkaline phosphatase
7. Acid phosphatase
8. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
9. Acetyl cholinesterase (AchE)
Table 1. Morphological variables of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 1a. Anova of Table 1
Table 2. Skin thickness of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja (in mm)
Table 2a. Anova Table2
Table 3. Dimensions of scales in Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja (in mm)
Table 3a. Anova Table 3
Table 4. Osteologocal characters of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja (in mm)
Table 4a. Anovao Table 4
Table 5. Muscle length in cm (ML) and Snout Vent Length KSVL percentage of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja (in mm)
Table 5a. Anovo of Table 5
Table 6 Locomotor performance of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 6a. Anovo of Table 6
Table 7. Percentage distribution of Fat in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 7a. Anova of Table 7
Table 8. Percentage distribution of Gycogen in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 8a. Anova of Table 8
Table 9. Percentage distribution of Phosphorylase in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 9a Anova of Table 8
Table 10. Percentage distribution of LDH in the ocomatory muscles of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 10a Anova of Table 1O
Table 11. Percentage dstribudon of Alkaline phosphatase in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 11a. Anova of Table 11
Table 12. Percentage distribution of Acid phospbatase in the locomotorymuscles 0f Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 12a. Anova of Table 12
Table 13. Percentage distribution of Alkaline ATPase in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Matrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 13a Anova nf Table 13
Table 14. Percentage distribution of Acid ATPase in the locomotory muscles of Eryx john, Natrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 14a. Anova of Table 14
Table 15. AchE activity in his tochemically stained muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscator and Naja naja
Table 16. Percentage distribution of fibre types in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni
Table 17. Percentage distribution of fibre types in the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscafor
Table 18. Percentage distribution of fibre types in the locomotory muscles of Naja Naja
Table 19. Fibre diameter (in (?m) of the locomotory muscles of Eyrx johni
Table 20. Fibre diameter (in (?m.) of the locomotory muscles of Natrix piscafor
Table 21. Fibre diameter (in (.? m) of the locometoy muscles of Naja naja
Table 22. Lipid concentration in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscafor and Naja naja (in mg/mg wet wt.)
Table 22a. Anova of Table 22
Table 23. Glycogen concentration in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscafor and Naja naja (in µg /.100 mg wet wt.)
Table 23a. Anova of fable 23
Table 24. Phosphorylase activity in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscafor and Naja naja (in mg / mg wet wt.)
Table 24a. Anova of Table 24
Table 25. LDH activity in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscafor and Naja naja (in IU / g wet wt.)
Table 25a. Anova of Table 25
Table 26. SDH activity in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscafor and Naja naja (in formazan formed / mg wet wt.)
Table 26a. Anova of Table 26
Table 27. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscator and Naja naja (in KA units / 100 g wet wt.)
Table 27a. Anova of Table 27
Table 28. Acid phosphatase activity in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscafor and Naja naja (in IU / 100 g wet wt)
Table 28a. Anova of Table 28
Table 29. ATPase activity in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscafor and Naja naja (in formed /mg wet wt.)
Table 29a. Anova of Table 29
Table 30. Cholinesterase activity in the locomotory muscles of Eryx johni, Natrix piscator and Naja naja (in moles substrate hydrolysed / minimum g wet wt.)
Table 30a. Anova of Table 30
4 Discussion
Morphological variables and osteological characters
Scale morphology, arrangements and micro ornamentaion
Structure and disposition of locomotory muscles
Locomotor performance and patterns of movement
Histochemical and biochemical studies on the metabolites and some related enzymes.
5 Summary and Conclusion
BIBILIOGRAPHY