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TITLE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition and Discussion of Key Concepts
1.2 The Philosophy of
Management
1.3 The Beginnings
1.3.1 Scientific
Management
Theory
1.3.2 Classical Organisation Theory
1.3. 3 Bureaucratic
Management
1.3. 4 Behavioural School
1.3.4.1 Human Relations Approach
1.3.4.2 Behavioural Science Approach
1.3.4.3 Psychological Dimensions
1.3.5 Theory Z
1.3.6 Kaizen Theory
1.3.7 Theory K
1.4 HRM vis-à-vis Personnel
Management
1.5 Human Resource Development - HRD
1.5.1 Theoretical Elucidation
1.5.2 The Concept and Its Dimensions
1.5.2.1 Systems Approach
1.5.2.2 Development- Its Bearings
1.5.2.3 Sustainable Development
1.5.2.3.1 Meaning and Definition
1.5.2.3.2 Value Based Development
1.5.3 Development Instruments / Processes
1.6 Human Resource
Management
: The Indian Experience
1.6.1 Evolution of the Concept
1.6.2 Welfare Approach
1.6.3 Industrial Relations Approach
1.6.4 Personnel Department
1.6.5 Three Dimensional Role
1.6.6 Human Resource Approach
1. 7 Indian Ethos in HRM
1.8 The Present Study
1.8.1 Tea Industry in India: An Overview
Fig.1.2 Tea Plantations in South India (1996)
1.8.2 Tea Plantations in Kerala
1.8.3 Background of the Study Area
Fig.1.4 Major Tea Plantation Districts of Kerala (2000)
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Overview of Literature
2.2 Statement of the Problem
2.3 The Rationale of the Study
2.4 Objectives
2.5 Hypotheses
2.6 Pilot Study
2.7 Nature and Source of Data
2.8 Universe and Sample
2.9 Methods and Tools of Data Collection
2.10 Pre -testing of the Tools of Data Collection
2.11 Reliability and Validity of Research Tools
2.12 Data Collection
2.13 Editing, Coding and Statistical Treatment of Data
2.14 Z Test for Equality of Means
2.14.1 Z Test for Equality of Proportions
2.15 Data Analysis and Interpretation
2.16 Definitions
2.17 Limitations of the Study
2.18 Organisation of the Study
3 HUMAN RESOURCE
Management
: A GANDHIAN PERSPECTIVE
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conceptual Framework
3.3 Gandhijis’ Philosophy of Life
3.3.1 Truth as God
3.3.1.1 Devotion to Truth
3.3.2 Non-violence
3.3.3 Supremacy of Man
3.3.3.1 Man as a Spiritual Entity
3.3.3.2 Interdependence of Individual and Society
3.3.3.3 Empowerment of Man
3.3.3.4 Women’s Empowerment
3.3.4 Bread-Labour
3.3.4.1 Work as Yajna
3.3.5 Sarvodaya
3.3.5.1 Basic Tenets of Sarvodaya
3.3.5.2 Sarvodaya: The Moral Law
3.3.5.3 Sarvodaya: The Ideal Social Order
3.4 Systems and Process of
Management
: The Gandhian Way
3.4.1 Trusteeship
3.4.1.2 The Rationale
3.4.1.3 Three Basic Tenets
3.4.1.4 Trusteeship and Ownership
3.4.1.5 Trusteeship and Industrial Relations
3.4.1.6 Trusteeship and Labour Unions
3.4.1.7 Appeal to Innate Goodness
3.4.2 Conflict Resolution
3.4.2.1 Satyagraha
3.4.2.2 Ahimsa
3.4.2.3 Tapasya
3.4.3 Oceanic Circle
3.4.4 Decentralization
3.4.5 Participative
Management
3.5 Gandhian Concept of HRD
3.5.1 Gandhian Perspective on Sustainable Development
3.5.2 People as Means and End
3.5.3 Bottom-up Approach
3.5.4 Village Development
3.5.4.1 Expansion of Social Opportunities
3.5.4.2 Constructive Programme
3.5.5 Critique of Modern Development
3.5.5.1 Ethics and Development
3.5.5.2 Materialism and Consumerism
4 HRM STRUCTURES AND PRACTICES IN TEA PLANTATION
4.1 Plantations
4.1.2 Characteristics of Plantations
4.1.3 Plantations in India
4.1.4 Plantation System
4.2 Plantation Labour Compared to Other Agricultural Labour
4.2.1 Recruitment System
4.2.2 Emigrant Labour
4.2.3 Contract Labour
4.2.4 Seasonal Workers
4.2.5 Women Workers
4.2.6 Unionisation
4.3 Legislative Enactment on Labour Welfare in Plantations
4.3.1 The Plantations Labour Act, 1951
4.3.2 Other Legislations
4.3.3 Other Statutory Benefits
4.4 The Indian Tea Plantations
4.4.1 Development over the Years
4.5 Human Resource Structures in Tea Plantations
4.5.1 Workers
4.5.2 Staff
4.5.3 Managers and Assistant Managers
4.6 Plantations in Kerala’s Economy
4.7 Kerala Tea Industry
4.7.1 Tea Production
4.8 Organisational Structure in the Early Days
4.8.1 Pattern of Ownership
4.8.2 Emergence of the Corporate Firm
4.8.3 Size of Estates
4.9 Estate
Management
Fig.4.1 Organization Chart of an Estate
4.9.1 Origin and Growth
4.9.2 Role of Managing Agencies
4.9.3 The Manager
4.10 Planters’ Association and
Management
4.10.1 Participative
Management
5 GANDHIAN
Management
: AN EXPLORATORY SURVEY
5.1 Present System of Human Resource
Management
5.1.1 Educational Status of the Respondents
Fig. 5.1 Educational Status of the Respondents
5.1.2 Sex-wise Distribution R
5.1.3 Nature of Work of Respondents
Fig.5.2 Nature of Work and Relative Manpower Used
5.1.4 Selection of Workers in Tea Plantation
5.2
Management
and Worker Relationship
5.2.1 Strained Relations
Fig.5.3 Workers Ranking on Reasons for Strained Relations
5.2.2 Dispute Settlement System
5.2.3 Tripartite Committee
5.2.4 Style of
Management
Fig. 5.4 Style of
Management
5.2.5 Satisfaction with Facilities Provided
5.2.6 Comparison of Sub samples
5.3 Labourers’ Opinion Regarding the Role of Trade Unions in Tea Industry
5.3.1 Membership in Trade Unions
5.3.2 Activities of Trade Unions
5.3.3 Effectiveness of Trade Unions
5.3.4 Factors for Industrial Peace
5.4 Labours’ Opinion on the Need for Gandhian way of
Management
in Tea Plantations
5.4.1 Labourers and Co-operative Movements
Fig. 5.5 Activities for Co-operative Societies
5.4.2 Participative
Management
5.4.3 Person-Centred Appraoch
5.4.4 Gandhian Approach: Its Practicability
5.4.5 Voluntary Agencies
5.4.6 Village Development
5.4.7 Village and Cottage Industries
5.5 Women’s Empowerment
5.6 Literacy Programme
5.7 Alcohol Addiction
5.8 Panchayathraj
5.9 Managers’ Views on the Gandhian style of
Management
5.10 Analysis and Interpretation of the Views of Workers and Managers on Gandhian Model of
Management
6 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Gandhian Foundations of
Management
6.3 HRM Structures in Tea Plantation
6.4 HRM Practices in Tea Plantation
6.5 Workers’ Appraisal of Trade Unions
6.6 Workers on Gandhian Style of
Management
6.7
Management
on Gandhian Way
6.8 Women Empowerment
6.9 Towards an Indigenous Model
6.10 Specific Recommendations
6.11 Scope for Further Study
6.12 Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1 Interview Schedule for Tea Plantation Workers
APPENDIX 2 Interview Schedule for Managers